Glioblastoma biomarkers from bench to bedside: advances and challenges

References

• Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, . The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas MK. Glioblastoma multiforme: evidence-based approach to therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007;7(12 Suppl):S23–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purow B, Schiff D. Advances in the genetics of glioblastoma: are we reaching critical mass? Nat Rev Neurol 2009;5:419–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiles CD, Rowitch DH. Glioma stem cells: a midterm exam. Neuron 2008;58:832–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Cheng L, Guryanova OA, Wu Q, Bao S. Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma-molecular signaling and therapeutic targeting. Protein Cell 2010;1:638–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang QB, Ji XY, Huang Q, Dong J, Zhu YD, Lan Q. Differentiation profile of brain tumor stem cells: a comparative study with neural stem cells. Cell Res 2006;16:909–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piccirillo SG, Binda E, Fiocco R, Vescovi AL, Shah K. Brain cancer stem cells. J Mol Med 2009;87:1087–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldkamp MM, Lala P, Lau N, Roncari L, Guha A. Expression of activated epidermal growth factor receptors, Ras-guanosine triphosphate, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in human glioblastoma multiforme specimens. Neurosurgery 1999;45: 1442–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobusawa S, Watanabe T, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. IDH1 mutations as molecular signature and predictive factor of secondary glioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6002–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfried ON, Viskochil DH, Fults DW, Couldwell WT. Molecular, genetic, and cellular pathogenesis of neurofibromas and surgical implications. Neurosurgery 2006;58:1–16; discussion 1-.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez GG, Kruse CA. Cellular and functional characterization of immunoresistant human glioma cell clones selected with alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes reveals their up-regulated synthesis of biologically active TGF-beta. J Immunother 2007; 30:261–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore KW, de Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RL, O'Garra A. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:683–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone AR, Bobo W, Brat DJ, Devi NS, Van Meir EG, Vertino PM. Aberrant methylation and down-regulation of TMS1/ASC in human glioblastoma. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1151–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ. Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60:166–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E, Wang V, Qi Y, Wilkerson MD, . Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell 2010;17:98–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo A. Genes and pathways driving glioblastomas in humans and murine disease models. Neurosurg Rev 2003;26:145–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Primary and secondary glioblastomas: from concept to clinical diagnosis. Neuro Oncol 1999;1:44–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmena L, Carracedo A, Pandolfi PP. Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression. Cell 2008;133:403–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujko M, Kober P, Matyja E, Nauman P, Dyttus-Cebulok K, Czeremszynska B, . Prognostic value of IDH1 mutations identified with PCR-RFLP assay in glioblastoma patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2010;14:163–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEllin B, Camacho CV, Mukherjee B, Hahm B, Tomimatsu N, Bachoo RM, . PTEN loss compromises homologous recombination repair in astrocytes: implications for glioblastoma therapy with temozolomide or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2010;70:5457–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puli S, Jain A, Lai JC, Bhushan A. Effect of combination treatment of rapamycin and isoflavones on mTOR pathway in human glioblastoma (U87) cells. Neurochem Res 2010;35:986–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagerstrand D, Hesselager G, Achterberg S, Wickenberg Bolin U, Kowanetz M, Kastemar M, . Characterization of an imatinib-sensitive subset of high-grade human glioma cultures. Oncogene 2006;25:4913–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen PY, Yung WK, Lamborn KR, Dahia PL, Wang Y, Peng B, . Phase I/II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 99-08. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4899–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpel-Massler G, Wirtz CR, Halatsch ME. Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of 801-bp deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA expression in glioblastoma multiforme. Molecules 2010;15:4670–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halatsch ME, Schmidt U, Botefur IC, Holland JF, Ohnuma T. Marked inhibition of glioblastoma target cell tumorigenicity in vitro by retrovirus-mediated transfer of a hairpin ribozyme against deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA. J Neurosurg 2000;92:297–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki H, Kijima H, Ohnishi Y, Abe Y, Oshika Y, Tsuchida T, . Inhibition of tumor growth by ribozyme-mediated suppression of aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:581–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung WK, Vredenburghg JJ, Cloughesy TF, Nghiemphu P, Klencke B, Gilbert MR, . Safety and efficacy of erlotinib in first-relapse glioblastoma: a phase II open-label study. Neuro Oncol 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Halatsch ME, Gehrke EE, Vougioukas VI, Botefur IC, A-Borhani F, Efferth T, . Inverse correlation of epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA induction and suppression of anchorage-independent growth by OSI-774, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines. J Neurosurg 2004;100:523–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpel-Massler G, Schmidt U, Unterberg A, Halatsch ME. Therapeutic inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor in high-grade gliomas: where do we stand? Mol Cancer Res 2009;7:1000–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halatsch ME, Schmidt U, Behnke-Mursch J, Unterberg A, Wirtz CR. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and other malignant brain tumours. Cancer Treat Rev 2006;32:74–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselbalch B, Lassen U, Poulsen HS, Stockhausen MT. Cetuximab insufficiently inhibits glioma cell growth due to persistent EGFR downstream signaling. Cancer Invest 2010;28:775–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SH, Hong YK, Jeun SS, Kim IS, Hong JT, Sung JH, . Assessment of cetuximab efficacy by bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial glioblastoma xenograft in mouse. J Neurooncol 2009;95:23–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martens T, Laabs Y, Gunther HS, Kemming D, Zhu Z, Witte L, . Inhibition of glioblastoma growth in a highly invasive nude mouse model can be achieved by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor but not vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5447–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez R, Setien F, Voelter C, Casado S, Quesada MP, Schackert G, . CpG island promoter hypermethylation of the pro-apoptotic gene caspase-8 is a common hallmark of relapsed glioblastoma multiforme. Carcinogenesis 2007;28:1264–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, . MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:997–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri V, Jha P, Sharma MC, Sarkar C. O6 -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene promoter methylation in high-grade gliomas: a review of current status. Neurol India 2011;59:229–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weller M, Felsberg J, Hartmann C, Berger H, Steinbach JP, Schramm J, . Molecular predictors of progression-free and overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a prospective translational study of the German Glioma Network. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:5743–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlassenbroeck I, Califice S, Diserens AC, Migliavacca E, Straub J, Di Stefano I, . Validation of real-time methylation-specific PCR to determine O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene promoter methylation in glioma. J Mol Diagn 2008;10:332–7.Kjellman C, Olofsson SP, Hansson O, Von Schantz T, Lindvall M, Nilsson I, et al. Expression of TGF-beta isoforms, TGF-beta receptors, and SMAD molecules at different stages of human glioma. Int J Cancer 2000;89:251–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tritschler I, Gramatzki D, Capper D, Mittelbronn M, Meyermann R, Saharinen J, . Modulation of TGF-beta activity by latent TGF-beta-binding protein 1 in human malignant glioma cells. Int J Cancer 2009;125:530–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider T, Sailer M, Ansorge S, Firsching R, Reinhold D. Increased concentrations of transforming growth factor beta1 and beta2 in the plasma of patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2006;79:61–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulshof MC, Sminia P, Barten-Van Rijbroek AD, Gonzalez Gonzalez D. Prognostic value of plasma transforming growth factor-beta in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Oncol Rep 2001;8:1107–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huettner C, Czub S, Kerkau S, Roggendorf W, Tonn JC. Interleukin 10 is expressed in human gliomas in vivo and increases glioma cell proliferation and motility in vitro. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:3217–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eller JL, Longo SL, Kyle MM, Bassano D, Hicklin DJ, Canute GW. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody cetuximab augments radiation effects in glioblastoma multiforme in vitro and in vivo. Neurosurgery 2005;56:155–62; discussion 62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Bent MJ, Wefel JS, Schiff D, Taphoorn MJ, Jeackle K, Junck L. Response assessment in neuro-oncology (a report of the RANO group): assessment of outcome trials in low-grade gliomas. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:583–93. Epub 2011 April 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barajas RF Jr, Chang JS, Segal MR, Parsa AT, McDermott MW, Berger MS, . Differentiation of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme from radiation necrosis after external beam radiation therapy with dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging. Radiology 2009;253:486–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar