References
- Small SA, Perron AD, Brady WJ. Orthopaedic pitfalls: cauda equina syndrome. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23:159–63.
- Lavy C, James A, Wilson-Macdonald J, Fairbank J. Cauda equina syndrome. BMJ 2009;338:881–4.
- Tay ECK, Chacha PB. Midline prolapse of a lumbar intervertebral disc with compression of the cauda equina. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61:43–6.
- Shephard RH. Diagnosis and prognosis of cauda equina syndrome produced by protrusion of lumbar disc. BMJ 1959;26:1434–9.
- Bell DA, Collie D, Statham PF. Cauda equina syndrome – what is the correlation between clinical assessment and MRI scanning. Br J Neurosurg 2007;21:201–3.
- Fraser S, Roberts L, Murphy E. Cauda equina syndrome: a literature review of its definition and clinical presentation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:1964–8.
- Markham DE. Cauda equina syndrome: diagnosis, delay and litigation risk. Curr Orthopaed 2004;18:58–62.
- Ahn UM, Ahn MU, Buchowski JM, et al. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Spine 2000;25:1515–22.
- Todd NV. Cauda equina syndrome: the timing of surgery probably does influence outcome. Br J Neurosurg 2005;19: 301–6.
- Jerwood D, Todd NV. Reanalysis of the timing of cauda equina surgery. Br J Neurosurg 2006;20:178–9.
- Delong WB, Polissar N, Neradilek B. Timing of surgery in cauda equina syndrome with urinary syndrome: meta-analysis of observational studies. J Neurosurg Spine 2008;8:305–20.
- Qureshi A, Sell P. Cauda equina syndrome treated by surgical decompression: the influence of timing on surgical outcome. Eur Spine J 2007;16:2143–2151.
- Coscia M, Leipzig T, Cooper D. Acute cauda equina syndrome. Diagnostic advantage of MRI. Spine 1994;19:475–8.
- Domen PM, Hofman PA, van Santbrink H, Weber WEJ. Predictive value of clinical characteristics in patients with suspected cauda equina syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:416–9.
- McCarhty MJ, Aviott CE, Grevitt MP, Hegarty J. Cauda equina syndrome: factors affecting long-term functional and sphincteric outcome. Spine 2007;32:207–16.
- Kostuik JP, Harrington I, Alexander D, Rand W, Evans D. Cauda equina syndrome and lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg AM 1986;68:386–91.
- Kennedy JG, Soffe KE, McGrath A, et al. Predictors of outcome in cauda equina syndrome. Eur Spine J 1999;8:317–22.
- Miller MD. Review of Orthopaedics, 3rd ed. London: WB Saunders, 2000.
- O’Connell JEA. Protrusions of the lumbar intervertebral discs, a clinical review based on five hundred cases treated by excision of the protrusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1951;33:8–30.
- Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain. J Am Med Assoc 1992;268:760–5.
- Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Ann Int Med 2003;138:40–5.
- Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Clin Chem 2003;49:7–18.
- Harper R, Reeves B. Reporting of precision of estimated for diagnostic accuracy: a review. BMJ 1999;318:1322–3.
- Steurer J, Fischer JE, Bachmann LM, Koller M, ter Riet G. Communicating accuracy of tests to general practitioners: a controlled study. BMJ 2009;324:824–6.