2,886
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Anoxic brain injury: Clinical patterns and functional outcomes. A study of 93 cases

, , , &
Pages 1311-1323 | Received 08 Sep 2009, Accepted 05 Jul 2010, Published online: 19 Aug 2010

References

  • Trespasser Z, Cohen M, Costeff H. Rehabilitation outcome after anoxic brain damage. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabiitation 1989; 70: 186–188
  • Shah MK, AlAdawi S, Dorvlo ASS, Burke DT. Functional outcomes following anoxic brain injury: A comparison with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2004; 18: 111–117
  • Auer RN, Sutherland GR. Hypoxia and related conditions. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL, editors. Greenfield's Neuropathology. 7th ed. London: Hodder Arnold. 2002. p 233–284.
  • Snyder BD, Daroff RB. Hypoxic/anoxic and ischemic encephalopathies. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, editors. Neurology in clinical practice. 4th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. p 1665–1672.
  • Caine D, Watson JDG. Neuropsychological and neuropathological sequelae of cerebral anoxia: A critical review. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2000; 6: 86–99
  • Khot S, Tirschwell DL. Long-term neurological complications after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Seminars in Neurology 2006; 26: 422–431
  • Lishman WA. Organic psychiatry. The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder. 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998. p 546–555.
  • Burke DT, Shah MK, Dorvlo ASS, AlAdawi S. Rehabilitation outcomes of cardiac and non-cardiac anoxic brain injury: A single institution experience. Brain Injury 2005; 19: 675–680
  • Lim C, Alexander MP, LaFleche G, Schnyer DM, Verfaellie M. The neurological and cognitive sequelae of cardiac arrest. Neurology 2004; 63: 1774–1778
  • Middelkamp W, Moulaert VRMP, Verbunt JA, van Heugten CM, Bakx WG, Wade DT. Life after survival: Long-term daily life functioning and quality of life of patients with hypoxic brain injury as a result of a cardiac arrest. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007; 21: 425–431
  • Shah MK, Carayannopoulos AG, Burke DT, Al-Adawi S. A comparison of functional outcomes in hypoxia and traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2007; 260: 95–99
  • Bigler ED, Alfano M. Anoxic encephalopathy: Neuroradiological and neuropsychological findings. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1988; 3: 383–396
  • Gale SD, Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Bigler ED, Booth EJ, Blatter DD. MRI, quantitative MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological findings following carbon monoxide poisoning. Brain Injury 1999; 13: 229–243
  • Garcia Molina A, Roig Rovira T, Ensenat Cantallops A, Enseñat-Cantallops A, Sanchez-Carrion R, Pico-Azanza N, Bernabeu N, Tormos JM. Neuropsychological profile of persons with anoxic brain injury: Differences regarding physiopathological mechanism. Brain Injury 2006; 20: 1139–1145
  • Hopkins RO, Tate DF, Bigler ED. Anoxic versus traumatic brain injury: Amount of tissue loss, not etiology, alters cognitive and emotional function. Neuropsychology 2005; 19: 233–242
  • Wilson BA. Cognitive functioning of adult survivors of cerebral hypoxia. Brain Injury 1996; 10: 863–874
  • Wilson FC, Harpur J, Watson T, Morrow JI. Adult survivors of severe cerebral hypoxia - case series survey and comparative analysis. Neurorehabilitation 2003; 18: 291–298
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975; 12: 189–198
  • Benton AL, Hamsher de S, Sivan AB. Multilingual aphasia examination, 3rd. AJA Associates, Iowa City, IA 1989
  • Nelson HE, Willison J. National Adult Reading Test (NART), 2nd. NEFR Nelson, WindsorUK 1991
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Test of adult reading. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1997
  • Randolph C. Repeatable battery of neuropsychological status. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1998
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1997
  • Sivan AB. Benton Visual Retention Test, 5th. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1992
  • Corwin J, Bylsma FW. Translations of excerpts from the Andre Rey's Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy and P.A. Osterreith's the complex figure copy test. Clinical Neuropsychology 1993; 7: 3–15
  • Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1935; 18: 643–662
  • Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills 1958;8:271–276.
  • Burgess P, Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St EdmundsUK 1997
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale III. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1997
  • Coughlan AK, Hollows SE. The adult memory and information processing battery. St James University Hospital, LeedsUK 1985
  • Crawford JR, Allan KM. Estimating premorbid IQ with demographic variables: Regression equations derived from a U.K. sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 1997; 11: 192–197
  • Crawford JR, Millar J, Milne AB. Estimating premorbid IQ from demographic variables: A comparison of a regression equation vs. clinical judgement. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001; 40: 97–105
  • Hall KM, Hamilton BB, Gordon WA, Zasler ND, Hall KM, Hamilton BB, Gordon WA, Zasler ND. Characteristics and comparisons of functional assessment indices: Disability Rating Scale, Functional Independence Measure, and Functional Assessment Measure. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1993; 8: 60–74
  • Horn S, Watson M, Wilson BA, McLellan DL. The development of new techniques in the assessment and monitoring of recovery from severe head injury: Preliminary report and case history. Brain Injury 1992; 6: 321–325
  • Fertl E, Vass K, Sterz F, Gabriel H, Auf E. Neurological rehabilitation of severely disabled cardiac arrest survivors. Part 1. Course of post-acute inpatient treatment. Resuscitation 2000; 47: 231–239
  • Thornhill S, Teasdale GM, Murray GD, McEwen J, Roy CW, Penny KI. Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: Prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 2000; 320: 1631–1635
  • Volpe BT, Hirst W. The characterization of an amnesic syndrome following hypoxic ischemic injury. Archives of Neurology 1983; 40: 436–440
  • Hopkins RO, Kesner RP, Goldstein M. Item and order recognition memory in subjects with hypoxic brain injury. Brain & Cognition 1995; 27: 180–201
  • Hopkins RO, Haaland KY. Neuropsychological and neuropathological effects of anoxic or ischemic induced brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society 2004; 10: 957–961
  • Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology 1993; 50: 873–880
  • Bhatia KP, Marsden CD. The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. Brain 1994; 117: 859–876
  • Corkin S, Cohen NJ, Sullivan EV, Clegg RA, Rosen TJ, Ackerman RH. Analyses of global memory impairments of different etiologies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1985; 444: 10–40
  • Lance JW, Adams RD. The syndrome of intention or action myoclonus as a sequel to hypoxic encephalopathy. Brain 1963; 86: 111–136
  • Bhatt MH, Obeso JA, Marsden CD. Time course of postanoxic akinetic-rigid and dystonic syndromes. Neurology 1993; 43: 314–317
  • Wijdicks EF, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW. Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Annals of Neurology 1994; 35: 239–243
  • Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, Rocca WA. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338: 20–42
  • Christensen J, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB, Sidenius P, Olsen J, Vestergaar DM. Long-term risk of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in children and young adults: A population-based cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373: 1105–1110
  • Herman S. Epilepsy after brain insult. Targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology 2002; 59(Suppl 5)S21–S26
  • Schmidt JG, Drew-Cates J, Dombovy ML. Anoxic encephalopathy: Outcome after inpatient rehabilitation. Journal of Neurological Rehabilitation 1997; 11: 189–195
  • Berek K, Lechleitner P, Luef G, Felber S, Saltuari L, Schinnerl A, Traweger C, Dienstl F, Aichner F. Early determination of neurological outcome after prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Stroke 1995; 26: 543–549
  • Kandiah P, Ortega S, Torbey MT. Biomarkers and neuroimaging of brain injury after cardiac arrest. Seminars in Neurology 2006; 26: 413–421
  • Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinski RH, Frydman H, Plum F. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. Journal of the American Medical Association 1985; 253: 1420–1426

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.