1,380
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Non-impact, blast-induced mild TBI and PTSD: Concepts and caveats

&
Pages 641-650 | Received 21 Sep 2010, Accepted 07 Apr 2011, Published online: 23 May 2011

References

  • MedicExchange [Internet]. Battlefield brain injury: the lessons from Iraq. 6 December 2007. Available online at: http://www.medicexchange.com/Radiology-Articles/battlefield-brain-injury-the-lessons-from-iraq.html, accessed 21 May 2010.
  • VA R&D Office [Internet]. Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI): Polytrauma and Blast-Related Injuries, Health Services Research and Development Service, Minneapolis, June 2007. Available online at: http//www.hsrd.minneapolis.med.va.gov/PTqueri, accessed 5 June 2010.
  • Martin EM, Lu WC, Helmick K, French L, Warden DL. Traumatic brain injuries sustained in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Journal of Trauma Nursing 2008; 15: 94–99
  • US National Academies of Science [Internet]. Committee on Gulf War and Health: Brain injury in veterans and long-term health outcomes. 4 December 2008. Available online at: http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12436, accessed 15 May 2010.
  • Warden D. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006; 21: 398–402
  • NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health [Internet]. What are the symptoms of PTSD? 12 January 2009. Available online at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/what-are-the-symptoms-of-ptsd.shtml, accessed 10 June 2010.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
  • Kennedy JE, Leal FO, Lewis JD, Cullen MA, Amador RR. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in OIF/OEF service members with blast-related and non-blast-related mild TBI. Neurorehabilitation 2010; 26: 223–231
  • King NS. PTSD and traumatic brain injury: Folklore and fact?. Brain Injury 2008; 22: 1–5
  • Lew HL, Vanderploeg RD, Moore DF, Schwab K, Friedman L, Yesavage J, Keane TM, Warden DL, Sigford BJ. Overlap of mild TBI and mental health conditions in returning OIF/OEF service members and veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 2008; 45: xi–xvi
  • Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. New England Journal of Medicine 2008; 358: 453–463
  • Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M. Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 176: 589–593
  • Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 625–629
  • Bryant RA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: Can they co-exist?. Clinical Psychological Review 2001; 21: 931–948
  • Elder GA, Cristian A. Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of injury and impact on clinical care. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 2009; 76: 111–118
  • Elsayed NM. Toxicology of blast overpressure. Toxicology 1997; 121: 1–15
  • Owen-Smith MS. Explosive blast injury. Medical Bulletin of the US Army Europe 1981; 38: 36–43
  • Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 351: 13–22
  • Reed KD. An innovative approach to blast injury recovery. Military Review 2008;Sept--Oct:40–46. Available online at: http://usacac.leavenworth.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20081031_art010.pdf, accessed 6 May 2010.
  • eMedicine [Internet]. Posttraumatic stress disorder. 19 March 2010. Available online at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288154-overview, accessed 20 May 2010.
  • Maes M, Lin AH, Verkerk R, Delmeire L, Van Gastel A, Van der Planken M, Scharpé S. Serotonergic and noradrenergic markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 188–197
  • Ling G, Bandak F, Armonda R, Grant G, Ecklund J. Explosive blast neurotrauma. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 815–825
  • Moore DF, Jérusalem A, Nyein M, Noels L, Jaffee MS, Radovitzky RA. Computational biology – Modeling of primary blast effects on the central nervous system. Neuroimage 2009; 2: 10–20
  • Kennedy K. Experts: Even mild head injuries put troops at risk. Army Times Magazine 2007;68:4--5.
  • Cantu RC. Second-impact syndrome. Clinical Sports Medicine 1998; 17: 37–44
  • Chen Y, Constantini S, Trembovler V, Weinstock M, Shohami E. An experimental model of closed head injury in mice: Pathophysiology, histopathology and cognitive deficits. Journal of Neurotrauma 1996; 13: 557–568
  • Hicks RR, Fertig SJ, Desrocher RE, Koroshetz WJ, Pancrazio JJ. Neurological effects of blast injury. Journal of Trauma 2010; 68: 1257–1263
  • Readnower RD, Chavko M, Adeeb S, Conroy MD, Pauly JR, McCarron RM, Sullivan PG. Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, and activated microglia in a rat model of blast-induced traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2010; 88: 3530–3539
  • Svetlov SI, Prima V, Kirk DR, Gutierrez H, Curley KC, Hayes RL, Wang KK. Morphologic and biochemical characterization of brain injury in a model of controlled blast overpressure exposure. Journal of Trauma 2010; 69: 795–804
  • Alvarez J, Selman WR. Mechanisms of secondary brain damage in cerebral ischemia and trauma. Acta Neurochirurgica 1999; 44: 682–683
  • Siesjö BK, Siesjö P. Mechanisms of secondary brain injury. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1996; 13: 247–268
  • Beattie MS, Farooqui AA, Bresnahan JC. Review of current evidence for apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 915–925
  • Abou-Hamden A, Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, Wainwright H, Jones N, McLean J. Axonal injury in falls. Journal of Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 699–713
  • Emedicine.com [Internet]. Diffuse axonal injury imaging. 26 January 2008. Available online at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/339912-overview, accessed 17 June 2010.
  • Arundine M, Aarts M, Lau A, Tymianski M. Vulnerability of central neurons to secondary insults after in vitro mechanical stretch. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24: 8106–8123
  • Granacher RP. Traumatic brain injury: Methods for clinical & forensic neuropsychiatric assessment, 2nd. CRC, Boca Raton, FL 2007; 26–33
  • Oppenheimer DR. Microscopic lesions in the brain following head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1968; 31: 299–306
  • Smith DH, Meaney DF, Shull WH. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2003; 18: 307–316
  • Bauman RA, Ling G, Tong L, Januszkiewicz A, Agoston D, Delanerolle N, Kim Y, Ritzel D, Bell R, Ecklund J, et al. An introductory characterization of a combat-casualty relevant swine model of closed head injury resulting from exposure to explosive blast. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 841–860
  • Chavko M, Koller WA, Prusaczyk WK, McCarron RM. Measurement of blast wave by a miniature fiber optic pressure transducer in the rat brain. Journal Neurology Methods 2007; 159: 277–281
  • Nyein M, Jerusalem A, Radovitzky R, Moore D, Noels L. Modeling blast-related brain injury. The 26th Army Science Conference; 1–4 December 2008; The Defense Technical Information Center; 2008. p 1–8. Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA504193, accessed 12 June 2010.
  • Stuhmiller JH, Masiello PI, Ho KH, Mayorga MA, Lawless N, Argyros G. Biomechanical modeling of injury from blast overpressure. The RTO HFM specialists’ meeting on Models for aircrew safety assessment: Uses, limitations and requirements; 26–28 October 1998; Ohio, USA: published in RTO MP-20; 1998.
  • Moss WC, King MJ, Blackman EG. Skull flexure from blast waves: A mechanism for brain injury with implications for helmet design. Journal of Acoustic Society of America 2009; 125: 2650
  • Krave U, Hojer S, Hansson H. Transient, powerful pressures are generated in the brain by a rotational acceleration impulse to the head. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 2: 2876–2882
  • Zhang L, Yang K, King A. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2004; 126: 226–236
  • Emedicine.com [Internet]. Initial evaluation and management of CNS injury. 13 June 2008. Available online at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/434261-overview, accessed 11 May 2010.
  • Emedicine.com [Internet]. Traumatic brain injury: Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology. 30 March 2009. Available online at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview, accessed 12 May 2010.
  • Jaslow CR. Mechanical properties of cranial sutures. Journal of Biomechanics 1990; 23: 313–321
  • Maio Di VJM, Maio Di DJ. Forensic pathology, 2nd. CRC-Press, Boca Raton, FL 2001; 165
  • Cernak I, Savic J, Malicevic Z, Zunic G, Radosevic P, Ivanovic I, Davidovic L. Involvement of the central nervous system in the general response to pulmonary blast injury. Journal of Trauma 1996; 40: 100–104
  • Gryth D, Rocksén D, Arborelius UP, Drobin D, Persson JK, Sondén A, Bursell J, Olsson LG, Kjellström BT. Bilateral vagotomy inhibits apnea and attenuates other physiological responses after blunt chest trauma. Journal of Trauma 2008; 64: 1420–1426
  • Irwin RJ, Lerner MR, Bealer JF, Mantor PC, Brackett DJ, Tuggle DW. Shock after blast wave injury is caused by a vagally mediated reflex. Journal of Trauma 1999; 47: 105–110
  • Ay I, Lu J, Ay H, Gregory Sorensen A. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces infarct size in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Letters 2009; 459: 147–151
  • Lewandowski CA, Rao CP, Silver B. Transient ischemic attack: Definitions and clinical presentations. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2008; 52: 7–16
  • Liu YQ, Chen Y, Chen L, Li SQ. Mechanism and characteristics of the remote effects of projectiles. Journal of Trauma (China) 1990; 6: 16–20
  • Maiden N. Ballistics reviews: Mechanisms of bullet wound trauma. Forensic Science, Medicine & Pathology 2009; 5: 204–209
  • Lee JJ, Gregson J, Rude G, Paulgaard GT. Underwater shock and bubble interactions from twin explosive charges. Shock Waves 2009; Part 2:1549–1554.
  • Reid WD. The response of surface ships to underwater explosions. Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization Canberra, Department of Defence (Australia); DSTO-GD-0109, 1996. Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA326738, accessed 6 June 2010.
  • Stuhmiller JH. Blast injury: Translating research into operational medicine. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command; BI-QP-JHS-CH10, April 2008. Available online at: http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/other_pub/blast/Blast_monograph.pdf, accessed 7 June 2010.
  • Mayo A, Kluger Y. Terrorist bombing. World Journal of Emergency Surgery 2006; 1: 33
  • Glasstone S, Dolan PJ. The effects of nuclear weapons. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The Federal Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Energy; 1977.
  • Rice D, Heck J. Terrorist bombings: Ballistics, patterns of blast injury and tactical emergency care. Tactical Edge Journal 2000; Summer: 53–55
  • Chen Y, Huang W. A hydraulic energy redirection and release system for blast and ballistic protection. Unpublished data 2010.
  • Courtney AC, Courtney MW. A thoracic mechanism of mild traumatic brain injury due to blast pressure waves. Medical Hypotheses 2008; 72: 76–83
  • Cernak I, Savic J, Ignjatovic D, Jevtic M. Blast injury from explosive munitions. Journal of Trauma 1999; 47: 96–103
  • Barkley JM, Morales D, Hayman LA, Diaz-Marchan PJ. Static neuroimaging in the evaluation of TBI. Brain injury medicine: Principles and practice, N Zasle, D Katz, R Zafonte. Demos Medical Publishing, New York 2006; 140–143
  • Finkel MF. The neurological consequences of explosives. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2006; 249: 63–73
  • Karmy-Jones R, Kissinger D, Golocovsky M, Jordan M, Champion HR. Bomb-related injuries. Military Medicine 1994; 159: 536–539
  • DePalma RG, Burris DG, Champion HR, Hodgson MJ. Blast injuries. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 1335–1342
  • Yang Z, Wang Z, Tang C, Ying Y. Biological effects of weak blast waves and safety limits for internal organ injury in the human body. Journal of Trauma 1996; 40: 81S–84S
  • Axelsson H, Hjelmqvist H, Medin A, Persson J, Suneson A. Physiological changes in pigs exposed to a blast wave from a detonating high-explosive charge. Military Medicine 2000; 165: 119–126

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.