512
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Defining meaningful outcomes after decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury: Existing challenges and future targets

, , &
Pages 651-663 | Received 18 Oct 2010, Accepted 07 Apr 2011, Published online: 11 May 2011

References

  • Jiang JY, Gao GY, Li WP, Yu MK, Zhu C. Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 869–874
  • Juul N, Morris GF, Marshall SB, Marshall LF. Intracranial hypertension and cerebral perfusion pressure: Influence on neurological deterioration and outcome in severe head injury. The Executive Committee of the International Selfotel Trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 92: 1–6
  • Timofeev I, Kirkpatrick PJ, Corteen E, Hiler M, Czosnyka M, Menon DK, Pickard JD, Hutchinson PJ. Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: Outcome following protocol-driven therapy. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2006; 96: 11–16
  • Guerra WK, Gaab MR, Dietz H, Mueller JU, Piek J, Fritsch MJ. Surgical decompression for traumatic brain swelling: Indications and results. Journal of Neurosurgery 1999; 90: 187–196
  • Whitfield PC, Patel H, Hutchinson PJ, Czosnyka M, Parry D, Menon D, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2001; 15: 500–507
  • Kontopoulos V, Foroglou N, Patsalas J, Magras J, Foroglou G, Yiannakou-Pephtoulidou M, Sofianos E, Anastassiou H, Tsaoussi G. Decompressive craniectomy for the management of patients with refractory hypertension: Should it be reconsidered?. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 2002; 144: 791–796
  • Ucar T, Akyuz M, Kazan S, Tuncer R. Role of decompressive surgery in the management of severe head injuries: Prognostic factors and patient selection. Journal of Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 1311–1318
  • Schneider GH, Bardt T, Lanksch WR, Unterberg A. Decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury: ICP, CPP and neurological outcome. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2002; 81: 77–79
  • Cremer OL, Moons KG, van Dijk GW, van Balen P, Kalkman CJ. Prognosis following severe head injury: Development and validation of a model for prediction of death, disability, and functional recovery. Journal of Trauma 2006; 61: 1484–1491
  • Jiang JY, Xu W, Li WP, Xu WH, Zhang J, Bao YH, Ying YH, Luo QZ. Efficacy of standard trauma craniectomy for refractory intracranial hypertension with severe traumatic brain injury: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 623–628
  • Li LM, Timofeev I, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson PJ. Review article: The surgical approach to the management of increased intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2010; 111: 736–748
  • Meier U, Grawe A. The importance of decompressive craniectomy for the management of severe head injuries. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2003; 86: 367–371
  • Hutchinson PJ, Corteen E, Czosnyka M, Mendelow AD, Menon DK, Mitchell P, Murray G, Pickard JD, Rickels E, Sahuquillo J, Servadei F, Teasdale GM, Timofeev I, Unterberg A, Kirkpatrick PJ. Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: The randomized multicenter RESCUEicp study (www.RESCUEicp.com). Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2006; 96: 17–20
  • Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Wolfe R, Ponsford J, Davies A, D’Urso P, Pellegrino V, Malham G, Kossmann T. Early decompressive craniectomy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury and refractory intracranial hypertension–a pilot randomized trial. Journal of Critical Care 2008; 23: 387–393
  • Wilson JT, Pettigrew LE, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 573–585
  • Ponsford J, Draper K, Schonberger M. Functional outcome 10 years after traumatic brain injury: Its relationship with demographic, injury severity, and cognitive and emotional status. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2008; 14: 233–242
  • Hammond FM, Grattan KD, Sasser H, Corrigan JD, Rosenthal M, Bushnik T, Shull W. Five years after traumatic brain injury: A study of individual outcomes and predictors of change in function. NeuroRehabilitation 2004; 19: 25–35
  • Olver JH. Brain injury: The need to assess outcome. Currents Opinion in Neurology 1995; 8: 443–446
  • Oddy M, Coughlan T, Tyerman A, Jenkins D. Social adjustment after closed head injury: A further follow-up seven years after injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1985; 48: 564–568
  • Thomsen IV. Late outcome of very severe blunt head trauma: A 10–15 year second follow-up. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1984; 47: 260–268
  • Ammar A, Awada A, al-Luwami I. Reversibility of severe brain stem dysfunction in children. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 1993; 124: 86–91
  • Taylor A, Butt W, Rosenfeld J, Shann F, Ditchfield M, Lewis E, Klug G, Wallace D, Henning R, Tibballs J. A randomized trial of very early decompressive craniectomy in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension. Childs Nervous System 2001; 17: 154–162
  • Kan P, Amini A, Hansen K, White GL, Jr., Brockmeyer DL, Walker ML, Kestle JR. Outcomes after decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury in children. Journal of Neurosurgery 2006; 105(Suppl 5)337–342
  • Jagannathan J, Okonkwo DO, Dumont AS, Ahmed H, Bahari A, Prevedello DM, Jane JA, Sr, Jane JA, Jr. Outcome following decompressive craniectomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury: A 10-year single-center experience with long-term follow up. Journal of Neurosurgery 2007; 106(Suppl 4)268–275
  • Figaji AA, Fieggen AG, Argent AC, Le Roux PD, Peter JC. Intracranial pressure and cerebral oxygenation changes after decompressive craniectomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2008; 102: 77–80
  • Ziai WC, Port JD, Cowan JA, Garonzik IM, Bhardwaj A, Rigamonti D. Decompressive craniectomy for intractable cerebral edema: Experience of a single center. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2003; 15: 25–32
  • Daboussi A, Minville V, Leclerc-Foucras S, Geeraerts T, Esquerre JP, Payoux P, Fourcade O. Cerebral hemodynamic changes in severe head injury patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2009; 21: 339–345
  • Qiu W, Guo C, Shen H, Chen K, Wen L, Huang H, Ding M, Sun L, Jiang Q, Wang W. Effects of unilateral decompressive craniectomy on patients with unilateral acute post-traumatic brain swelling after severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Care 2009; 13: 185
  • Morgalla MH, Will BE, Roser F, Tatagiba M. Do long-term results justify decompressive craniectomy after severe traumatic brain injury?. Journal of Neurosurgery 2008; 109: 685–690
  • Aarabi B, Hesdorffer DC, Ahn ES, Aresco C, Scalea TM, Eisenberg HM. Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 2006; 104: 469–479
  • Gaab MR, Rittierodt M, Lorenz M, Heissler HE. Traumatic brain swelling and operative decompression: A prospective investigation. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Wien) 1990; 51: 326–328
  • Akyuz M, Ucar T, Acikbas C, Kazan S, Yilmaz M, Tuncer R. Effect of early bilateral decompressive craniectomy on outcome for severe traumatic brain injury. Turkish Neurosurgery 2010; 20: 382–389
  • Bao YH, Liang YM, Gao GY, Pan YH, Luo QZ, Jiang JY. Bilateral decompressive craniectomy for patients with malignant diffuse brain swelling after severe traumatic brain injury: A 37-case study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010; 27: 341–347
  • Williams RF, Magnotti LJ, Croce MA, Hargraves BB, Fischer PE, Schroeppel TJ, Zarzaur BL, Muhlbauer M, Timmons SD, Fabian TC. Impact of decompressive craniectomy on functional outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma 2009; 66: 1570–1574, discussion 1574–1576
  • Howard JL, Cipolle MD, Anderson M, Sabella V, Shollenberger D, Li PM, Pasquale MD. Outcome after decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma 2008; 65: 380–385, discussion 385–386
  • Olivecrona M, Rodling-Wahlstrom M, Naredi S, Koskinen LO. Effective ICP reduction by decompressive craniectomy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated by an ICP-targeted therapy. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 927–935
  • Skoglund TS, Eriksson-Ritzen C, Jensen C, Rydenhag B. Aspects on decompressive craniectomy in patients with traumatic head injuries. Journal of Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 1502–1509
  • Meier U, Ahmadi S, Killeen T, Al-Zain FT, Lemcke J. Long-term outcomes following decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2008; 102: 29–31
  • Anderson SI, Housley AM, Jones PA, Slattery J, Miller JD. Glasgow Outcome Scale: An inter-rater reliability study. Brain Injury 1993; 7: 309–317
  • Maas AI, Braakman R, Schouten HJ, Minderhoud JM, van Zomeren AH. Agreement between physicians on assessment of outcome following severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 58: 321–325
  • Allen CC, Ruff RM. Self-rating versus neuropsychological performance of moderate versus severe head-injured patients. Brain Injury 1990; 4: 7–17
  • Cusick CP, Gerhart KA, Mellick DC. Participant-proxy reliability in traumatic brain injury outcome research. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2000; 15: 739–749
  • Koskinen S. Quality of life 10 years after a very severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): The perspective of the injured and the closest relative. Brain Injury 1998; 12: 631–648
  • Schmitz TW, Rowley HA, Kawahara TN, Johnson SC. Neural correlates of self-evaluative accuracy after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44: 762–773
  • Ashman TA, Schwartz ME, Cantor JB, Hibbard MR, Gordon WA. Screening for substance abuse in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2004; 18: 191–202
  • Corrigan JD. Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1995; 76: 302–309
  • Strens LH, Mazibrada G, Duncan JS, Greenwood R. Misdiagnosing the vegetative state after severe brain injury: The influence of medication. Brain Injury 2004; 18: 213–218
  • Fernandez-Serrano MJ, Perez-Garcia M, Verdejo-Garcia A. What are the specific vs. generalized effects of drugs of abuse on neuropsychological performance?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2011; 35: 377–406
  • Razack N, Singh RV, Petrin D, Villanueva P, Green BA. Bilateral craniotomies for blunt head trauma. Journal of Trauma 1997; 43: 840–843
  • Munch E, Horn P, Schurer L, Piepgras A, Paul T, Schmiedek P. Management of severe traumatic brain injury by decompressive craniectomy. Neurosurgery 2000; 47: 315–322, discussion 322–323
  • Levin HS, Boake C, Song J, McCauley S, Contant C, Diaz-Marchan P, Brundage S, Goodman H, Kotrla KJ. Validity and sensitivity to change of the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 575–584
  • Whitfield PC, Kirkpatrick PJ, Czosnyka M, Pickard JD. Management of severe traumatic brain injury by decompressive craniectomy. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 225–226
  • Collin C, Wade D, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: A reliability study. International Disability Studies 1987; 10: 61–63
  • Santos ME, Castro-Caldas A, De Sousa L. Spontaneous complaints of long-term traumatic brain injured subjects and their close relatives. Brain Injury 1998; 12: 759–767
  • Sherer M, Boake C, Levin E, Silver BV, Ringholz G, High WM, Jr. Characteristics of impaired awareness after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1998; 4: 380–387
  • Albanese J, Leone M, Alliez JR, Kaya JM, Antonini F, Alliez B, Martin C. Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: Evaluation of the effects at one year. Critical Care Medicine 2003; 31: 2535–2538
  • Csokay A, Egyud L, Nagy L, Pataki G. Vascular tunnel creation to improve the efficacy of decompressive craniotomy in post-traumatic cerebral edema and ischemic stroke. Surgical Neurology 2002; 57: 126–129
  • Eberle BM, Schnuriger B, Inaba K, Gruen JP, Demetriades D, Belzberg H. Decompressive craniectomy: Surgical control of traumatic intracranial hypertension may improve outcome. Injury 2010; 41: 934–938
  • McCleary C, Satz P, Forney D, Light R, Zaucha K, Asarnow R, Namerow N. Depression after traumatic brain injury as a function of Glasgow Outcome Score. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 1998; 20: 270–279
  • Hutter BO, Gilsbach JM. Which neuropsychological deficits are hidden behind a good outcome (Glasgow = I) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 999–1005, discussion 1005–1006
  • Pettigrew LE, Wilson JT, Teasdale GM. Assessing disability after head injury: Improved use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurosurgery 1998; 89: 939–943
  • Wilson JT, Edwards P, Fiddes H, Stewart E, Teasdale GM. Reliability of postal questionnaires for the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 999–1005
  • Pettigrew LE, Wilson JT, Teasdale GM. Reliability of ratings on the Glasgow Outcome Scales from in-person and telephone structured interviews. Journal of Head Trauma & Rehabilitation 2003; 18: 252–258
  • Hudak AM, Caesar RR, Frol AB, Krueger K, Harper CR, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Carlile M, Madden C, Diaz-Arrastia R. Functional outcome scales in traumatic brain injury: A comparison of the Glasgow Outcome Scale (Extended) and the Functional Status Examination. Journal of Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 1319–1326
  • Dikmen S, Machamer J, Miller B, Doctor J, Temkin N. Functional status examination: A new instrument for assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 127–140
  • Dixon RA, Backman L. Principles of compensation in neurorehabilitation. Cognitive neurorehabilitation, DT Stuss, G Wincour, IH Robertson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999; 59–72
  • Ownsworth T, Clare L. The association between awareness deficits and rehabilitation outcome following acquired brain injury. Clinical Psychology Review 2006; 26: 783–795
  • Seel RT, Kreutzer JS, Sander AM. Concordance of patients’ and family members’ ratings of neurobehavioral functioning after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1997; 78: 1254–1259
  • Hawthorne G, Gruen RL, Kaye AH. Traumatic brain injury and long-term quality of life: Findings from an Australian study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 1623–1633
  • Findler M, Cantor J, Haddad L, Gordon W, Ashman T. The reliability and validity of the SF-36 health survey questionnaire for use with individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2001; 15: 715–723
  • Winter V, Powell J, Greenwood R. The problem of quality of life after traumatic brain injury: Conceptual and measurement issues. Acta Neuropsychologica 2005; 3: 36–47
  • Berger E, Leven F, Pirente N, Bouillon B, Neugebauer E. Quality of life after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of the literature. Restorative Neurology & Neuroscience 1999; 14: 93–102
  • von Steinbuechel N, Wilson L, Gibbons H, Hawthorne G, Hofer S, Schmidt S, Bullinger M, Maas A, Neugebauer E, Powell J, von Wild K, Zitnay G, Bakx W, Christense AL, Koshinen S, Formisano R, Sarajuuri J, Sasse N, Truelle JL. Quality of Life After Brain Injury (QOLIBRI-TBI) - scale development and metric properties. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1167–1185.
  • von Steinbuechel N, Petersen C, Bullinger M. Assessment of health-related quality of life in persons after traumatic brain injury–development of the Qolibri, a specific measure. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2005; 93: 43–49
  • Truelle JL, von Wild K, Hofer S, Neugebauer E, Lischetzke T, von Steinbuchel N. The QOLIBRI–towards a quality of life tool after traumatic brain injury: Current developments in Asia. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2008; 101: 125–129
  • Ashman TA, Spielman LA, Hibbard MR, Silver JM, Chandna T, Gordon WA. Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: Cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004; 85(4 Suppl 2)36–42
  • Teasdale TW, Engberg AW. Suicide after traumatic brain injury: A population study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2001; 71: 436–440
  • Chamelian L, Feinstein A. The effect of major depression on subjective and objective cognitive deficits in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2006; 18: 33–38
  • Gasquoine PG. Affective state and awareness of sensory and cognitive effects after closed head injury. Neuropsychology 1992; 4: 187–196
  • Hoofien D, Gilboa A, Vakil E, Barak O. Unawareness of cognitive deficits and daily functioning among persons with traumatic brain injuries. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology 2004; 26: 278–290
  • First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, et al. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, clinical version (SCID-I). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1997
  • Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 20)22–33; quiz 34–57
  • Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavioral Research and Therapy 1996; 34: 669–673
  • Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale with the Irritability-Depression-Anxiety Scale and the Leeds Situational Anxiety Scale: Manual. NFER-Nelson, WindsorUK 1994
  • Draper K, Ponsford J. Long-term outcome following traumatic brain injury: A comparison of subjective reports by those injured and their relatives. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2009; 19: 645–661
  • Powell J, Heslin J, Greenwood R. Community based rehabilitation after severe traumatic brain injury: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002; 72: 193–202
  • Perlesz A, Kinsella G, Crowe S. Psychological distress and family satisfaction following traumatic brain injury: Injured individuals and their primary, secondary, and tertiary carers. Journal of Head Trauma & Rehabilitation 2000; 15: 909–929
  • Hall KM, Karzmark P, Stevens M, Englander J, O’Hare P, Wright J. Family stressors in traumatic brain injury: A two-year follow-up. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1994; 75: 876–884
  • Kreutzer JS, Gervasio AH, Camplair PS. Primary caregivers’ psychological status and family functioning after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1994; 8: 197–210
  • Livingston MG, Brooks DN, Bond MR. Three months after severe head injury: Psychiatric and social impact on relatives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1985; 48: 870–875
  • Wood RL, Yurdakul LK. Change in relationship status following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1997; 11: 491–501
  • Willer BS, Allen KM, Liss M, Zicht MS. Problems and coping strategies of individuals with traumatic brain injury and their spouses. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1991; 72: 460–464
  • Marsh NV, Kersel DA, Havill JH, Sleigh JW. Caregiver burden at 6 months following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1998; 12: 225–238
  • Douglas JM, Spellacy FJ. Indicators of long-term family functioning following severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Brain Injury 1996; 10: 819–839
  • Ponsford J, Olver J, Ponsford M, Nelms R. Long-term adjustment of families following traumatic brain injury where comprehensive rehabilitation has been provided. Brain Injury 2003; 17: 453–468
  • Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. A psychometric study of the mcmaster family assessment device in psychiatric, medical, and nonclinical samples. Journal of Family Psychology 1990; 3: 431–439
  • Bragg RM, Klockars AJ, Berninger VW. Comparison of families with and without adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1992; 7: 94–108
  • Ware J. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Quality Metric Inc., Lincoln 2003
  • Brazier J, Roberts J, Deverill M. The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36. Journal of Health Economics 2002; 21: 271–292
  • Chibbaro S, Tacconi L. Role of decompressive craniectomy in the management of severe head injury with refractory cerebral edema and intractable intracranial pressure. Our experience with 48 cases. Surgical Neurology 2007; 68: 632–638
  • Messing-Junger AM, Marzog J, Wobker G, Sabel M, Bock WJ. Decompressive craniectomy in severe brain injury. Zentralbl Neurochirgie 2003; 64: 171–177
  • Soukiasian HJ, Hui T, Avital I, Eby J, Thompson R, Kleisli T, Margulies DR, Cunneen S. Decompressive craniectomy in trauma patients with severe brain injury. American Surgeons 2002; 68: 1066–1071
  • Whitfield P, Guazzo E. ICP reduction following decompressive craniectomy. Stroke 1995; 26: 1125–1126
  • De Luca GP, Volpin L, Fornezza U, Cervellini P, Zanusso M, Casentini L, Curri D, Piacentino M, Bozzato G, Colombo F. The role of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of uncontrollable post-traumatic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2000; 76: 401–404
  • Kunze E, Meixensberger J, Janka M, Sorensen N, Roosen K. Decompressive craniectomy in patients with uncontrollable intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 1998; 71: 16–18
  • Polin RS, Shaffrey ME, Bogaev CA, Tisdale N, Germanson T, Bocchicchio B, Jane JA. Decompressive bifrontal craniectomy in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic cerebral edema. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 84–92, discussion 92–94

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.