The influence of gender on the injury severity, course and outcome of traumatic brain injury

References

• Wagner AK, Fabio A, Puccio AM, Hirschberg R, Li W, Zafonte RD, Marion DW. Gender associations with cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and lactate/pyruvate levels after severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2005; 33: 407–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DG. Brain trauma, sex hormones, neuronal survival and recovery of function. Principles of gender-specific medicine, M Legato, W Byne. Academic Press, New York 2007; 104–115
   Google Scholar
• Roof RL, Duvdevani R, Stein DG. Gender influences outcome of brain injury: Progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Research 1993; 607: 333–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DG. Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury. Brain Research Reviews 2008; 57: 386–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayeed I, Stein DG, Progesterone as a neuroprotective factor in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. In: Verhaagen J, Hol EM, Huitinga I, Wijnholds J, Bergen AA, Boer GJ, Swaab DF, editors. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 175, Neurotherapy: progress in restorative neuroscience and neurology. The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2009. pp 219–237
   Google Scholar
• Wright DW, Kellermann AL, Hertzberg VS, Clark PL, Frankel M, Goldstein FC, Salomone JP, Dent LL, Harris OA, Ander DS, et al. ProTECT: A randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007; 49: 391–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao G, Wei J, Yan W, Wang W, Lu Z. Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Critical Care 2008; 12: R6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus JF, Peek-Asa C, McArthur DL, “The independent effect of gender on outcomes following traumatic brain injury: A preliminary investigation”. Neurosurgical Focus 2000;8:Article 5
   Google Scholar
• Farace E, Alves WM. Do women fare worse: A metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 93: 539–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farin A, Deutsch R, Biegon A, Marshall LF. Sex-related differences in patients with severe head injury: Greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003; 98: 32–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Douglas DJ, Smith W, Sise MJ, Vilke GM, Holbrook TL, Kennedy F, Eastman AB, Velky T, Hoyt DB. Traumatic brain injury outcomes in pre- and post-menopausal females versus age-matched males. Journal of Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 140–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkness CJ, Burr RL, Mitchell PH, Newell DW. Is there a sex difference in the course following traumatic brain injury?. Biological Research for Nursing 2004; 5: 299–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayir H, Marion DW, Puccio AM, Wisniewski SR, Janesko KL, Clark RS, Kochanek PM. Marked gender effect on lipid peroxidation after severe traumatic brain injury in adult patients. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AK, Bayir H, Ren D, Puccio A, Zafonte RD, Kochanek PM. Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid markers of excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative damage after severe TBI: The impact of gender, age, and hypothermia. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 125–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slewa-Younan S, van den Berg S, Baguley IJ, Nott M, Cameron ID. Towards an understanding of sex differences in functional outcome following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1197–1201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coimbra R, Hoyt DB, Potenza BM, Fortlage D, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P. Does sexual dimorphism influence outcome of traumatic brain injury patients?. The answer is no! Journal of Trauma Injury Infection & Critical Care 2003; 54: 689–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorani MD, Lee M, Kim H, Meeker M, Manley GT. Race\ethnicity and outcome after traumatic brain injury at a single, diverse center. Journal of Trauma 2009; 67: 75–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mushkudiani NA, Englel DC, Steyerberg EW, Butcher I, Lu J, Marmarou A, Slieker F, McHugh GS, Murray GD, Maas AI. Prognostic value of demographic characteristics in traumatic brain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 259–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD, Lineberry LA, Komaroff E, Langlois JA, Selassie AW, Wood KD. Employment after traumatic brain injury: Differences between men and women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007; 88: 1400–1409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den BG. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness. European Journal of Endocrinology 2000; 143: 1–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimopoulou I, Tsagarakis S, Theodorakopoulou M, Douka E, Zervou M, Kouyialis AT, Thalassinos N, Roussos L. Endocrine abnormalities in critical care patients with moderate-to-severe head trauma: Incidence, pattern and predisposing factors. Intensive Care Medicine 2004; 30: 1051–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agha A, Rogers B, Mylotte D, Taleb F, Tormey W, Phillips J, Thompson CJ. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury. Clinical Endocrinol 2004; 60: 584–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benvenga S, Campenní A, Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F. Clinical review: Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000; 85: 1353–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, Fusco A, Cannavo S, Gasperi M, Scaroni C, de Marinis L, Benvenga S, Degli Uberti EC, et al. Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions at high risk for hypopituitarism: Screeningstudy at 3 months after the brain injury. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) 2004; 61: 320–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HJ, Schneider M, Saller B, Petersenn S, Uhr M, Husemann B, von Rosen F, Stalla GK. Prevalence of anterior pituitary insufficiency 3 and 12 months after traumatic brain injury. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006; 154: 259–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla G, Agha A. Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 2007; 298: 1429–1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susman M, DiRusso SM, Sullivan T, Risucci D, Nealon P, Cuff S, Haider A, Benzil D. Traumatic brain injury in the elderly: Increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity. Journal of Trauma Injury Infection & Critical Care 2002; 53: 219–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan BK, Lim JHG, Ng IHB. Outcome of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst the elderly in Singapore. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 2004; 33: 63–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof RL, Duvdevani R, Braswell L, Stein DG. Progesterone facilitates cognitive recovery and reduces secondary neuronal loss caused by cortical contusion injury in male rats. Experimental Neurology 1994; 129: 64–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husson EC, Ribbers GM, Willemse-van-Son AH, Verhagen AP, Stam HJ. Prognosis of six-month functioning after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2010; 42: 425–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Hugh GS, Engel DC, Butcher I, Steyerberg EW, Lu J, Mushkudiani N, Hernandez AV, Marmarou A, Maas AIR, Murray GD. Prognostic value of secondary insults in traumatic brain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 287–293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pentland B, Jones PA, Roy CW, Miller JD. Head injury in the elderly. Age and Ageing 1986; 15: 193–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slewa-Younan S, Baguley IJ, Heriseanu R, Cameron ID, Pitsiavas V, Mudaliar Y, Nayyar V. Do men and women differ in their course following traumatic brain injury?. A preliminary prospective investigation of early outcome Brain Injury 2008; 22: 183–191
   Google Scholar
• Allen LS, Richey MF, Chai YM, Gorski RA. Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. Journal of Neuroscience 1991; 11: 933–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowicz T, Dean DE, Petetot JM, Courten-Myers GM. Gender differences in the human cerebral cortex: More neurons in males; more processes in females. Journal of Child Neurology 1999; 14: 98–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Kan E, Woods RP, Yoshii J, Bansal R, Xu D, Zhu H, Thompson PM, Toga AW. Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 87 years of age. Cerebral Cortex 2007; 17: 1550–1560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji M, Aoo N, Harada K, Sakamoto Y, Akitake Y, Irie K, Mishima K, Ikeda T, Fujiwara M. Sex differences in the benefits of rehabilitative training during adolescence following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Experimental Neurology 2010; 226: 285–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delgado AR, Prieto G. Sex differences in visuospatial ability: Do performance factors play such an important role?. Memory and Cognition 1996; 24: 504–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Kelley MH, Herson PS, Hurn PD. Neuroprotection of sex steroids. Minerva Endocrinologica 2010; 35: 127–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemse-van-Son AH, Ribbers GM, Verhagen AP, Stam HJ. Prognostic factors of long-term functioning and productivity after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007; 21: 1024–1037
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Hartmann Y, Poll E, Schneider HJ, Buchfelder M, Stalla GK. The German Database on hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage – Description, objectives and design. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2011; 119: 15–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 13: 81–84
   Google Scholar
• Maas AI, Steyerberg EW, Butcher I, Dammers R, Lu J, Marmarou A, Mushkudiani NA, McHugh GS, Murray GD. Prognostic value of computerized tomography scan characteristics in traumatic rain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 303–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Korsic M, Servadei F, Kraus J. A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 2006; 148: 255–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon-Carrion J, Dominguez-Morales MR, Martin JM, Murillo-Cabezas F. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Pituitary 2005; 8: 197–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groswasser Z, Cohen M, Keren O. Female TBI patients recover better than males. Brain Injury 1998; 12: 805–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slewa-Younan S, Green AM, Baguley IJ, Gurka JA, Marosszeky JE. Sex differences in injury severity and outcome measures after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85: 376–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider HJ, Aimaretti G, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Stalla G, Ghigo E. Hypopituitarism. Lancet 2007; 369: 1461–1470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, Butcher I, Lu J, McHugh GS, Murray GD, Marmarou A, Roberts I, Habbema JDF, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: Developement and internal validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PloS Medicine 2008; 5: e165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy RE, Livingston L, Marwitz JH, Gueck S, Kreutzer JS, Sander AM. Complicated mild traumatic brain injury on the inpatient rehabilitation unit: A multicenter analysis. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilittion 2006; 21: 260–271
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Women in Germany. Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. 2007. Availble online at: http://www.bmfsfj.de/Publikationen/women--in--germany/a.html, accessed 18 January 2012
   Google Scholar
• Doctor JN, Castro J, Temkin NR, Fraser RT, Machamer JE, Dikmen SS. Workers’ risk of unemployment after traumatic brain injury: A normed comparison. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2005; 11: 747–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer J, Marwitz J, Walker W, et al. Moderating factors in return to work and job stability after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2003; 18: 128–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulemeijer M, van der Werf S, Borm GF, Vos PE. Early prediction of favourable recovery 6 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2008; 79: 936–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar