Lesions along the upper motor neuronal pathway with locked-in features after lightning strike and cardiac arrest: A case-review analysis

References

• Zack F, Rothschild MA, Wegener R. Lightning strike-mechanisms of energy transfer, cause of death, types of injury. Dtsch Ärztebl 2007;104:A3545–A3549
   Google Scholar
• Ritenour AE, Morton M, McManus JG, Barillo DJ, Cancio LC. Lightning injury - A review. Burns 2008;34:585–594
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper MA. A fifth mechanism of lightning injury. Academic Emergency Medicine 2005;9:172–174
   Google Scholar
• Hinkelbein J, Spelten O, Wetsch WA. Blitzschlag und Blitzunfälle in der präklinischen Notfallmedizin - Relevanz, Folgen und praktische Implikationen. Unfallchirurg 2013;116:74–79
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pfortmueller CA, Yikun Y, Haberkern M, Wuest E, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos AK. Injuries, sequelae, and treatment of lightning-induced injuries: 10 years of experience at a Swiss trauma center. Emergency Medicine International 2012;2012:167698
   Google Scholar
• Desai B. Emergent management of lightning injuries. Emergency Medicine 2011;43:7–13
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe Gatewood M, Zane RD. Lightning injuries. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2004;22:369–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Weather Service. Available online at: www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/medical.html, accessed 7 May 2010
   Google Scholar
• VDE e.V. Ausschuss für Blitzschutz und Blitzforschung (ABB). Unf㫬e durch Blitzeinwirkung. Frankfurt/Main 2012
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann C, Cooper MA, Holle RL. Lightning safety guidelines. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2002;39:660–664
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cherington M. Neurologic manifestations of lightning strikes. Neurology 2003;60:182–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherington M. Spectrum of neurologic complications of lightning injuries. NeuroRehabilitation 2005;20:3–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnell PR. Neurorehabilitation of cerebral disorders following lightning and electrical trauma. NeuroRehabilitation 2005;20:15–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammertse DP. Neurorehabilitation of spinal cord injuries following lightning and electrical trauma. NeuroRehabilitation 2005;20:9–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoccolella S, Masi G, Mezzapesa D, Carnicella F, Iliceto G, Lamberti P, Serlenga L. Motoneuron disease after electric injury: a case report. Neurological Sciences 2008;29:47–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abhinav K, Al-Chalabi A, Hortobagyi T, Leigh PN. Electrical injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2007;78:450–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper MA, Johnson SA. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early management of the lightning strike victim. In: Ornato JP, Peberdy MA, editors. Contemporary cardiology: cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc; 2005. p 425–436
   Google Scholar
• Domart Y, Garet E. Lichtenberg figures due to a lightning strike. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343:1536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, Donnino M, Sinz E, Lavonas EJ, Jeejeebhoy FM, Gabrielli A. American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 12: Cardiac arrest in special situations. Circulation 2010;122:S829–S861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiestand D, Colice GL. Lightning-strike injury. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 1988;3:303–314
   Google Scholar
• Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJ, Brugger H, Deakin CD, Dunning J, Georgiou M, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 2010;81:1400–1433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White RD, Goodman BW, Svoboda MA. Neurologic recovery following prolonged out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with resuscitation guided by continuous capnography. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2011;86:544–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost WH, Schönrock LM, Cherington M. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in lightning and electrical injuries. NeuroRehabilitation 2005;20:19–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D. Lightning injuries. South Medicine Journal 2002;95:1331–1334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H. Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 2005;65:369–372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K, Marshall W, Scanlon P. Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. Journal of the Amercian College of Cardiology 1993;21:531–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenopoulos N, Movahed A, Hudson P, Reeves WC. Myocardial injury in electrocution. American Heart Journal 1991;122:1481–1484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James TN, Riddick L, Embry JH. Cardiac abnormalities demonstrated postmortem in four cases of accidental electrocution and their potential significance relative to nonfatal electrical injuries of the heart. American Heart Journal 1990;120:143–157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aslan S, Yilmaz S, Karcioglu O. Lightning: an unusual cause of cerebellar infarction. Emergency Medicine Journal 2004;21:750–751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Critchley M. Neurological effects of lightning and of electricity. The Lancet 1934;223:68–72
   Google Scholar
• Topcuoglu MA, Oguz KK, Buyukserbetci G, Bulut E. Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in post-resuscitation encephalopathy. Internal Medicine 2009;48:1635–1645
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbelaez A, Castillo M, Mukherji SK. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of global cerebral anoxia. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999;20:999–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalela JA, Wolf RL, Maldjian JA, Kasner SE. MRI identification of early white matter injury in anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neurology 2001;56:481–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milton WJ, Hal O’Dell R, Warner EG. MRI of lightning injury: early white matter changes associated with cerebral dysfunction. Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 1996;89:93–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKinney AM, Teksam M, Felice R, Casey SO, Cranford R, Truwit CL, Kieffer S. Diffusion-weighted imaging in the setting of diffuse cortical laminar necrosis and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2004;25:1659–1665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith E, Delargy M. Locked-in syndrome. British Medical Journal 2005;330:406–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrai R, Grippo A, Fossi S, Campolo MC, Lanzo G, Pinto F, Amantini A. Transient post-traumatic locked-in syndrome. A case report and a literature review. Neurophysiologie Clinique 2009;39:95–100
   Google Scholar
• Casanova E, Lazzari RE, Lotta S, Mazzucchi A. Locked-in syndrome: improvement in the prognosis after an early intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003;84:862–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doble JE, Haig AJ, Anderson C, Katz R. Impairment, activity, participation, life satisfaction and survival in persons with locked-in syndrome for over a decade. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2003;5:435–444
   Google Scholar
• McCusker EA, Rudick RA, Honch GW, Griggs RC. Recovery from the ‘locked-in’ syndrome. Archives of Neurology 1982;39:145–147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar