Anxious attachment style and hopelessness as predictors of burden in caregivers of patients with disorders of consciousness: A pilot study

References

• Leonardi M, Sattin D, Raggi A. An Italian population study on 600 persons in vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Brain Injury 2013;27:473–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampolini M. Lo studio GISCAR sulle gravi cerebro lesioni acquisite. Aspetti metodologici e dati preliminari. Giornale Italiano di Medicina Riabilitativa 2003;17:15–30
   Google Scholar
• Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist 1980;20:649–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchetti L, Porcu N, Dordoni G, Gobbi G, Lorido A. Burden del caregiver di anziani ricoverati in una unità operativa ospedaliera per acuti e ruolo dello psicologo nella gestione del caregiver “fragile”. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia 2012;34:A34–A40
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann RL, Mitchell AM. Caregiver burden: Historical development. Nursing Forum 1998;33:5–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrabec NJ. Literature of social support and caregiver burden, 1980 to 1995. Image Journal of Nursing Scholarship 1997;29:383–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark PC. Effects of individual and family hardiness on caregiver depression and fatigue. Research in Nursing & Health 2002;25:37–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi M, Giovannetti AM, Pagani M, Raggi A, Sattin D. Burden and needs of 487 caregivers of patients in vegetative state and in minimally conscious state: Results from a national study. Brain Injury 2012;26:1201–1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George LK, Gwyther LP. Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. The Gerontologist 1986;26:253–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara M, Langiano E, Di Brango T, De Vito E, Di Cioccio L, Bauco C. Prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression in with Alzheimer caregivers. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2008;6:93--97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper C, Balamurali TB, Selwood A, Livingston G. A systematic review of intervention studies about anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007;22:181–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girgis A, Lambert S, Johnson C, Waller A, Currow D. Physical, psychosocial, relationship, and economic burden of caring for people with cancer: A review. Journal of Oncology Practice 2013;9:197–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belayachi J, Himmich S, Madani N, Abidi K, Dendane T, Zeggwagh AA, Abougal R. Psychological burden in inpatient relatives: The forgotten side of medical management. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 2014;107:115--122
   Google Scholar
• Anderson CS, Linto J, Stewart-Wynne EG. A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1995;26:843–849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinquart M, Sörensen S. Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging 2003;18:250–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer JS, Rapport LJ, Marwitz JH, Harrison-Felix C, Hart T, Glenn M, Hammond F. Caregivers’ well-being after traumatic brain injury: A multicenter prospective investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90:939–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: An 8-years follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003;107:391–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickup JC, Crook MA. Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 1998;41:1241–1248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak LM, Bakker SJ, Slaets JP, Rosmalen JG. Is high-sensitive C-reactive protein a biomarker for functional somatic symptoms? A population-based study. Brain, Behaviour and Immunity 2009;23:1014–1019
   Google Scholar
• Lovell B, Wetherell MA. The cost of caregiving: Endocrine and immune implications in elderly and non elderly caregivers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2011;35:1342–1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs HE, Muir CA, Cline JD. Family reactions to persistent vegetative state. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1986;1:55–62
   Google Scholar
• Tzidkiahu T, Sazbon L, Solzi P. Characteristic reactions of relatives of post-coma unawareness patients in the process of adjusting to loss. Brain Injury 1994;8:159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford S, Beaumont JG. Psychological needs of patients in low awareness states, their families, and health professionals. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2005;15:548–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tresch DD, Sims FH, Duthie EH, Goldstein MD, Lane PS. Clinical characteristics of patients in the persistent vegetative state. Archives of Internal Medicine 1991;151:930--932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiambretto P, Rossi Ferrario S, Zotti AM. Patients in a persistent vegetative state: Caregiver attitudes and reactions. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2001;104:364–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiambretto P, Vanoli D. Le reazioni dei familiari allo Stato Vegetativo: Un follow up a cinque anni. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergononomia 2006;28:15–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giovannetti AM, Leonardi M, Pagani M, Sattin D, Raggi A. Burden of caregivers of patients in Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2013;127:10–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern JM, Sazbon L, Becker E, Costeff H. Severe behavioural disturbance in families of patients with prolonged coma. Brain Injury 1988;2:259–262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elvira de la Morena MJ, Cruzado JA. Caregivers of patients with disorders of consciousness: Coping and prolonged grief. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2013;127:413–418
   Google Scholar
• Cruzado JA, Elvira de la Morena MJ. Coping and distress in caregivers of patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Injury 2007;27:793–798
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books; 1969
   Google Scholar
• Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guildford Press; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Manne SL, Ostroff J, Winkel G, Grana G, Fox K. Partner unsupportive responses, avoidant coping, and distress among women with early stage breast cancer: Patient and partner perspectives. Health Psychology 2005;24:635–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunce LJ, Shaver PR. An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. In: Bartholomew K, Perlman D, editors. Attachment processes in adulthood. Advances in personal relationships. Vol. 5. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 1994. pp 205–237
   Google Scholar
• Collins NL, Feeney BC. A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000;78:1053–1073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Kashy DA, Evans TV. Age and attachment style impact stress and depressive symptoms among caregivers: A prospective investigation. Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice 2007;1:5–43
   Google Scholar
• Crispi EL, Schiaffino K, Berman WH. The contribution of attachment to burden in adult children of institutionalized parents with dementia. The Gerontologist 1997;37:52–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JA, Rholes WS. Attachment and relationships: Milestones and future directions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2010;27:173–180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp J. Affective Neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998
   Google Scholar
• Coan JA. Adult attachment and the brain. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2010;27:210–217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonucci TC. Attachment across the life-span. The special case of adulthood and aging. In: Sperling MB, Berman WH, editors. Attachment in adults: Theory, assessments, and treatment. New York: Guildford Press; 1993. pp 256–274
   Google Scholar
• Cicirelli V. Attachment theory in old age. In: Pillemer K, McCartney K, editors. Parent-child relations throughout life. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1991. pp 34
   Google Scholar
• Westmaas JL, Silver RC. The role of attachment in responses to victims of life crises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001;80:425–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco A, Moran PM, Ball C, Bernazzani O. Adult attachment style. I: Its relationship to clinical depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2002;37:50–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonelli LE, Ray WJ, Pincus AL. Attachment models and their relationships with anxiety, worry, and depression. Counseling and Clinical Psychology Journal 2004;1:107–118
   Google Scholar
• Braun M, Hales S, Gilad L, Mikulicer M, Rydall A, Rodin G. Caregiving styles and attachment orientations in couples facing advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2012;21:935–943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feneey JA. Attachment, caregiving, and marital satisfaction. Attachment, caregiving, and marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships 1996;3:401–416
   Google Scholar
• Monin JK, Schulz R, Feeney BC, Cook TB. Attachment insecurity and perceived partner suffering as predictors of personal distress. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010;46:1143–1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Davis D, Rumble M, Scipio C, Garst J. Attachment styles in patients with lung cancer and their spouses: Associations with patient and spouse adjustment. Supportive Care in Cancer 2012;20:2459–2466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean LM, Walton T, Matthew A, Jones JM. Examination of couples’ attachment security in relation to depression and hopelessness in maritally distressed patients facing end-stage cancer and their spouse caregivers: A buffer or facilitator of psychosocial distress? Supportive Care in Cancer 2011;19:1539–1548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utne I, Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Rustoen T. Association between hope and burden reported by family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21:2527–2535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotland E. The psychology of hope. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1969
   Google Scholar
• Farran CJ, Herth KA, Popovich JM. Hope and hopelessness: Critical clinical constructs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 1995
   Google Scholar
• Dufault K, Martocchio BC. Symposium on compassionate care and the dying experience. Hope: Its spheres and dimensions. The Nursing Clinics of North America 1985;20:379–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Weissman A, Lester D, Trexler L. The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1974;42:861–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn SL. Hopelessness as a response to physical illness. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2005;37:148–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson-Lilius M, Julkunen J, Keskivaara P, Hietanen P. Sense of coherence and distress in cancer patients and their partners. Psycho-Oncology 2007;16:1100–1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JM, Huggins MA, Rydall AC, Rodin GM. Symptomatic distress, hopelessness, and the desire for hastened death in hospitalized cancer patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2003;55:411–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin G, Lo C, Mikulincer M, Donner A, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C. Pathways to distress: The multiple determinants of depression, hopelessness, and the desire for hastened death in metastatic cancer patients. Social Science & Medicine 2009;68:562–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbey JG, Rosenfield B, Pessin H, Breitbart W. Hopelessness at the end of life: The utility of the hopelessness scale with terminally ill cancer patients. British Journal of Health Psychology 2006;11:173–183
   Google Scholar
• Jennett B. Thirty years of the vegetative state: Clinical, ethical and legal problems: Chapter 37. In: Laureys S, editor. Progress in brain research. Vol. 150. London: Elsiever B.V.; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N, Cranford R, Jennett B, Katz DI, Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH, Zafonte RD, Zasler ND. The Minimally Conscious State: Definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002;58:349–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino J. Diagnostic and prognostic guidelines for the vegetative and minimally conscious states. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2005;15:166–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak M, Guest C. Application of a multidimensional caregiver burden inventory. The Gerontologist 1989;29:798–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marvardi M, Mattioli P, Spazzafumo L, Mastriforti R, Rinaldi P, Polidori MC, Cherubini A, Quartesan R, Bartorelli L, Bonaiuto S, et al. Study Group on Brain Aging; Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2005;17:46–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney JA, Noller P, Hanrahan M. Assessing adult attachment. In: Sperling MB, Berman WHM, editors. Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives. New York: Guildford Press; 1994. pp 128–152
   Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Feeney JA, Donati D, Donini M, Novella L, Bagnato M, Acquarini E, Maffei C. On the dimensionality of the Attachment Style Questionnaire in Italian clinical and nonclinical participants. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2003;20:55–79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan C, Shaver PR. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987;52:511–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew K. Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1990;7:147–178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991;61:226–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompili M, Iliceto P, Lester D, Innamorati M, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. BHS Beck Hopelessness Scale: Manuale. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Organizzazioni Speciali; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT. Depression: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row Publishers; 1967
   Google Scholar
• Harris RJ. A primer of multivariate statistics. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1985
   Google Scholar
• Wampold BE, Freund RD. Use of multiple regression in counselling psychology research: A flexible data-analytic strategy. Journal of Counselling Psychology 1987;34:372–382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal 2001;19:43–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DE, Kunce JT. Prediction and statistical overkill revisited. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 1973;6:157–163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halinski RS, Feldt LS. The selection of variables in multiple regression analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement 1970;7:151–157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navaie-Waliser M, Spriggs A, Feldman PH. Informal caregiving: Differential experiences by gender. Medical Care 2002;40:1249–1259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun M, Mikulincer M, Rydall A, Walsh A, Rodin G. Hidden morbidity in cancer: Spouse caregivers. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25:4829–4834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani M, Giovannetti AM, Covelli V, Sattin D, Raggi A, Leonardi M. 2013. Physical and mental health, anxiety and depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients in vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2014;21:420--426
   Google Scholar
• Clarke DM, Kissane DW. Demoralization: Its phenomenology and importance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2002;36:733–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT. Hypertension incidence is predicted by high levels of hopelessness in Finnish men. Hypertension 2000;35:561–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. The Kuopio Ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 1997;17:1490–1495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine 1996;58:113–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tecuta L, Tomba E, Grandi S, Fava GA. Demoralization: A systematic review on its clinical characterization. Psychological Medicine 2014; doi:10.1017/S0033291714001597. Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001597, accessed 17 July 2014
   Google Scholar
• Engel GL. A psychological setting of somatic disease: The Giving Up-Given Up complex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1967;60:553–555
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fava GA, Freyberger HJ, Bech P, Christodoulou G, Sensky T, Theorell T, Wise TN. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychosomatic research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1995;63:1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangelli L, Semprini F, Sirri L, Fava GA, Sonino N. Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) in a community sample. Psychosomatics 2006;47:143–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etchegary H. Healthcare experiences of families affected by Hungtington disease: Need for improved care. Chronic Illness 2011;3:225–238
   Google Scholar
• Li YH, Xu ZP. Psychological crisis intervention for the family members of patients in a vegetative state. Clinics 2012;67:341--345
   Google Scholar
• Montebarocci O, Codispoti M, Baldaro B, Rossi N. Adult attachment style and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences 2004,36:499–507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa B, Pini S, Gabelloni P, Abelli M, Lari L, Cardini A, Muti M, Gesi C, Landi S, Galderisi S, et al. Oxytocin receptor polymorphisms and adult attachment style in patients with depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:1506–1514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander R, Feeney J, Hohaus L, Noller P. Attachment style and coping resources as predictors of coping strategies in the transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships 2001;8:137–152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWall CN, Masten CL, Powell C, Combs D, Schurtz DR, Eisenberger NI. Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style? An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2012;7:184–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George C, Kaplan N, Main M. The Berkeley adult attachment interview. Unpublished protocol 1985, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
   Google Scholar
• Bosmans G, Bowles DP, Dewitte M, De Winter S, Braet C. An experimental evaluation of the State Adult Attachment Measure: The influence of attachment primes on the content of state attachment representations. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 2014;5:134–150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn SL, Olamijulo GB, Fuglseth HL, Holden TP, Swieringa LL, Sit MJ, Riet NP, Tintle NL. The State–Trait Hopelessness Scale development and testing. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2014;36:552–570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell M, Moss E. Attachment across the life span: Factors that contribute to stability and change. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology 2011;11:60–77
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin MW, Fehr B. On the instability of attachment style ratings. Personal Relationships 1995;2:247–261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters E, Merrick S, Treboux D, Crowell J, Albersheim L. Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development 2000;71:684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Labouvie-Vief G. Stability and fluctuation in adult attachment style over a 6-year period. Attachment & Human Development 2004;6:419–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzarelli C, Karafa JA, Collins NL, Tagler MJ. Stability and change in adult attachment styles: Associations with personal vulnerabilities, life events, and global construals of self and others. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2003;22:315–346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haatainen KM, Tanskanen A, Kylmä J, Honkalampi K, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Hintikka J, Antikainen R, Viinamäki H. Stable hopelessness and its predictors in a general population: A 2-year follow-up study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 2003;33:373–380
   Google Scholar
• Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 1989;96:358–372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynd-Stevenson RM. Generalized and event-specific hopelessness: Salvaging the mediation hypothesis of the hopelessness theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997;36:73–83
   Google Scholar