Traumatic brain injury, coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality

References

• Marshall LF, Toole BM, Bowers SA. The National Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Part 2: Patients who talk and deteriorate: Implications for treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983;59:285–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins ET, Linhares MN, Sousa DS, Schroeder HK, Meinerz J, Rigo LA, Bertotti MM, Gullo J, Hohl A, Dal-Pizzol F, Walz R. Mortality in severe traumatic brain injury: A multivariated analysis of 748 Brazilian patients from Florianopolis City. The Journal of Trauma 2009;67:85–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul MXL, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010
   Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopes AD, editors. Global Health Statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996
   Google Scholar
• Thurman DJ, Alverson C, Dunn KA, Guerrero J, Sniezek JE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1999;14:602–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein E, Corso P, Miller T. The incidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006
   Google Scholar
• Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurology 2008;7:728–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander RM. Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348:1365–1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzbold ML, Rial D, De Bem T, Machado DG, Cunha MP, dos Santos AA, dos Santos DB, Figueiredo CP, Farina M, Goldfeder EM, et al. Effects of traumatic brain injury of different severities on emotional, cognitive, and oxidative stress-related parameters in mice. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1883–1893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Concussion and mild TBI and. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/concussion
   Google Scholar
• Bybee KA, Prasad A. Stress-related cardiomyopathy syndromes. Circulation 2008;118:397–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson BE, Stockwell DW, Boas S, Andrews T, Wellman GC, Lockette W, Freeman K. Cardiac reactive oxygen species after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Surgical Research 2012;173:e73–e81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker GR, MacIntosh-Murray A, Porcellato C, Dionne L, Stelmacovich K, Born K. Veterans affairs New England healthcare system (veterans integrated service network 1) high performing healthcare systems: Delivering quality by design. Toronto: Longwoods Publishing; 2008. pp 71–114
   Google Scholar
• Saleem JJ, Patterson ES, Militello L, Asch SM, Doebbeling BN, Render ML. Using human factors methods to design a new interface for an electronic medical record. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2007. p 640–644
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi N, Tsimikas S, Hajsadeghi F, Saeed A, Nabavi V, Bevinal MA, Kadakia J, Flores F, Ebrahimi R, Budoff MJ. Relation of oxidative biomarkers, vascular dysfunction, and progression of coronary artery calcium. American Journal of Cardiology 2010;105:459–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Gul K, Vane J, Usman N, Flores F, Nasir K, Hecht H, Naghavi M, Budoff M. Relations between digital thermal monitoring of vascular function, the Framingham risk score, and coronary artery calcium score. Journal of Cardiovascular Computational Tomography 2008;2:382–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Bild DE, Burke G, Folsom AR, Liu K, Shea S, Szklo M, Bluemke DA, et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358:1336–1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown ER, Kronmal RA, Bluemke DA, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Goldin J, Detrano R. Coronary calcium coverage score: Determination, correlates, and predictive accuracy in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Radiology 2008;247:669–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Callister TQ, Shaw LJ. Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosisand Vascular Biology 2004;24:1272–1277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, et al, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010;122:e584–e636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordeiro MA, Lardo AC, Brito MS, Rosario Neto MA, Siqueira MH, Parga JR, Avila LF, Ramires JA, Lima JA, Rochitte CE. CT angiography in highly calcified arteries: 2D manual vs modified automated 3D approach to identify coronary stenoses. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2006;22:507–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groen JM, Greuter MJ, Vliegenthart R, Suess C, Schmidt B, Zijlstra F, Oudkerk M. Calcium scoring using 64-slice MDCT, dual source CT and EBT: A comparative phantom study. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2008;24:547–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay T, Harrington DE, Adams R, Anderson T, Berrol S, Cicerone K, Dahlberg C, Gerber D, Goka R, Hilt J, et al. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1993;8:86–87
   Google Scholar
• Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs Memorandum, “Traumatic Brain Injury: Definition and Reporting,” October 1, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Management of Concussion/mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Available online at: http://www.dvbic.org. Accessed 2009
   Google Scholar
• Weathers F, Ford J. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL-C, PCL-S, PCL-M, PCL-PR). In: Stamm BH, editor. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1996
   Google Scholar
• Wojcik BE, Stein CR, Bagg K, Humphrey RJ, Orosco J. Traumatic brain injury hospitalizations of U.S. army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38:S108–S116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder GA, Cristian A. Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of injury and impact on clinical care. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2009;76:111–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan TM, Teasdale GM, Weir CJ, Stewart E. Death after head injury: The 13 year outcome of a case control study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2011;82:931–935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan TM, Teasdale GM. Death rate is increased for at least 7 years after head injury: A prospective study. Brain 2007;130:2520–2527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan M, Sakakima H, Dhammu TS, Shunmugavel A, Im YB, Gilg AG, Singh AK, Singh I. S-nitrosoglutathione reduces oxidative injury and promotes mechanisms of neurorepair following traumatic brain injury in rats. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2011;8:78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain KK. Neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. Drug Discovery Today 2008;13:1082–1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das M, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. New perspectives on central and peripheral immune responses to acute traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2012;9:236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilz MJ, DeFina PA, Anders S, Koehn J, Lang CJ, Pauli E, Flanagan SR, Schwab S, Marthol H. Frequency analysis unveils cardiac autonomic dysfunction after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2011;28:1727–1738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pentland B, Hutton LS, Jones PA. Late mortality after head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2005;76:395–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AW, Leibson CL, Malec JF, Perkins PK, Diehl NN, Larson DR. Long-term survival after traumatic brain injury: A population-based analysis. NeuroRehabilitation 2004;19:37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton BA, Snodgrass KB, Fleming SB, Carpenter RO, Kemp CD, Arbogast PG, Morris JA Jr. Beta-blocker exposure is associated with improved survival after severe traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Trauma 2007;62:26–33; discussion 33–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan ML, Ogilvie MP, Pereira BM, Gomez-Rodriguez JC, Manning RJ, Vargas PA, Duncan RC, Proctor KG. Heart rate variability is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in hemodynamically stable trauma patients. The Journal of Trauma 2011;70:1371–1380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchand R, Schell TL, Karney BR, Osilla KC, Burns RM, Caldarone LB. Disparate prevalence estimates of PTSD among service members who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: Possible explanations. Journal of Trauma and Stress 2010;23:59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson KM. The burden of obesity among a national probability sample of veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006;21:915–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar