Methods of assessing associated reactions of the upper limb in stroke and traumatic brain injury: A systematic review

References

• Walshe FMR. On certain tonic or postural reflexes in hemiplegia, with special reference to the so-called “associated movements.”. Brain 1923;46:1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Dickstein R, Heffes Y, Abulaffio N. Electromyographic and positional changes in the elbows of spastic hemiparetic patients during walking. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1996;101:491–496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dvir Z, Panturin E. Measurement of spasticity and associated reactions in stroke patients before and after physiotherapeutic intervention. Clinical Rehabilitation 1993;7:15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ada L, O’Dwyer N. Do associated reactions in the upper limb after stroke contribute to contracture formation? Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15:186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulley G. Associated reactions in the hemiplegic arm. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1982;14:117–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunnstrom S. Associated reactions of the upper extremity in adult patients with hemiplegia; an approach to training. Physical Therapy Review 1956;36:225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies PM. Steps to follow: the comprehensive treatment of patients with hemiplegia. Heidelberg: Springer; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, O’Connor RJ, Cozens JA. Associated reactions after stroke: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia: evaluation and treatment. London:Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Dvir Z, Penturin E, Prop I. The effect of graded effort on the severity of associated reactions in hemiplegic patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 1996;10:155–158.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus JC. Associated movement in hemiplegia: the effects of force exerted, limb usage and inhibitory training. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1992;73:1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakheit AMO, Sawyer J. The effects of botulinum toxin treatment on associated reactions of the upper limb on hemiplegic gait–a pilot study. Disability & Rehabilitation 2002;24:519–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson RC. A survey of the assessment and grading of spasticity by physiotherapists in the Yorkshire region. Synapse 1996;1:2–6.
   Google Scholar
• Dickstein R, Pillar T, Abulaffio N. Electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii muscles and elbow flexion during associated reactions in hemiparetic patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1995;74:427–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honaga K, Masakado Y, Oki T, Hirabara Y, Fujiwara T, Ota T, Kimura A, Liu M. Associated reaction and spasticity among patients with stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007;86:656–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ada L, Q’Dwyer N. Do associated reactions in the upper limb after stroke contribute to contracture formation? Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15:186–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, Cozens JA, Chamberlain MA, Bamford JM. Quantifying associated reactions in the paretic arm in stroke and their relationship to spasticity. Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15:195–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane A, Turner-Stokes L, De Souza L. The Associated Reaction Rating Scale Clinical Rehabilitation: a clinical tool to measure associated reactions in the hemiplegic upper limb. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:726–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston MV, Findley TW, DeLuca J, Katz RT. Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation: XII. Measurement tools with application to brain injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1991;70:S114–S130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley AM, Lanzarone S, Bosman JM, van Loo MA, de Bie RA, Hassett L, Caplan B. Ecological validity of walking speed assessment after traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2004;19:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2010;63:737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart A. A multi-dimensional model of clinical utility. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2006;18:377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151:264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151:W-65–W-94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MC, MacDermid J. Evidence-based rehabilitation: a guide to practice. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Incorporated; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Library 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Terwee CB, Bot SDM, de Boer MR, van der Windt DAWM, Knol DL, Dekker J, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2007;60:34–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill BE, Williams G, Bialocerkowski AE. Clinimetric evaluation of questionnaires used to assess activity after traumatic brachial plexus injury in adults: a systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2011;92:2082–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyack Z, Wasiak J, Spinks A, Kimble R, Simons M. A guide to choosing a burn scar rating scale for clinical or research use. Burns 2013;39:1341–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson SF, Connell LA. How to measure balance in clinical practice. A systematic review of the psychometrics and clinical utility of measures of balance activity for neurological conditions. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009; 23, 824–840.
   Google Scholar
• Boissy P, Bourbonnais D, Kaegi C, Gravel D, Arsenault BA. Characterization of global synkineses during hand grip in hemiparetic patients. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1997;78:1117–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boissy P, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Arsenault AB, Lepage Y. Effects of upper and lower limb static exertions on global synkineses in hemiparetic subjects. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14:393–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang I, Tung L, Yang J, Chen Y, Yeh C, Wang C. Electromyographic analyses of global synkinesis in the paretic upper limb after stroke. Physical Therapy 2005;85:755–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macfarlane A, Turner-Stokes L, De Souza L. The associated reaction rating scale: a clinical tool to measure associated reactions in the hemiplegic upper limb. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:726–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung LC, Yang JF, Wang CH, Hwang IS. Directional effect on post-stroke motor overflow characteristics. Chinese Journal of Physiology 2011;54:391–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills VM, Quintana L. Electromyography results of exercise overflow in hemiplegic patients. Physical Therapy 1985;65:1041–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus JAC. Associated movement in hemiplegia: the effects of force exerted, limb usage and inhibitory training. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1992;73:1044–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein R, Heffes Y, Abulaffio N. Electromyographic and positional changes in the elbows of spastic hemiparetic patients during walking. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology - Electromyography and Motor Control 1996;101:491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta BB, O’Connor RJ, Cozens JA. Associated reactions after stroke: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of botulinum toxin type A. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40:36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz T, Eickhof C, Nuyens G, Vuadens P. Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: a systematic review of the literature. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005;27:7–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorinola IO, White CM, Rushton DN, Newham DJ. Electromyographic response to manual passive stretch of the hemiplegic wrist: accuracy, reliability, and correlation with clinical spasticity assessment and function. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair 2008; 23:287.
   Google Scholar
• Starsky AJ, Sangani SG, McGuire JR, Logan B, Schmit BD. Reliability of biomechanical spasticity measurements at the elbow of people poststroke. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2005;86:1648–1654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajdosik RL, Bohannon RW. Clinical measurement of range of motion review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. Physical Therapy 1987;67:1867–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams G, Morris ME, Schache A, McCrory P. Observational gait analysis in traumatic brain injury: accuracy of clinical judgment. Gait & Posture 2009;29:454–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon SR. Quantification of human motion: gait analysis-benefits and limitations to its application to clinical problems. Journal of Biomechanics 2004;37:1869–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller D, Keenan MAE, Esquenazi A, Whyte J, Mayer N, Fidler Sheppard R. The impact of instrumented gait analysis on surgical planning: treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity of the foot and ankle. Foot & Ankle International 2002;23:738–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu HC, Halaki M, O’Dwyer N. Associated reactions during a visual pursuit position tracking task in hemiplegic and quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Chinese Journal of Physiology 2013;56:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu H-C, Ada L, Butler J, Coulson S. Characteristics of associated reactions in people with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Physiotherapy Research International 2011;16:125–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Bloemendaal M, van de Water ATM, van de Port IGL. Walking tests for stroke survivors: a systematic review of their measurement properties. Disability & Rehabilitation 2012;34: 2207–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar