Structural brain injury in patients with disorders of consciousness: A voxel-based morphometry study

References

• Laureys S, Celesia GG, Cohadon F, Lavrijsen J, Leon-Carrion J, Sannita WG, Sazbon L, Schmutzhard E, von Wild KR, Zeman A, et al. Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Medicine 2010;8:68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno MA, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Thibaut A, Moonen G, Laureys S. From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness. Journal of Neurology 2011;258:1373–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND. Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurology 2004;3:537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Pellas F, Van Eeckhout P, Ghorbel S, Schnakers C, Perrin F, Berre J, Faymonville ME, Pantke KH, Damas F, et al. The locked-in syndrome: what is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless? Progress Brain Research 2005;150:495–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhaudenhuyse A, Noirhomme Q, Tshibanda LJ, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, Soddu A, Perlbarg V, Ledoux D, Brichant JF, et al. Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 2010;133:161–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips CL, Bruno MA, Maquet P, Boly M, Noirhomme Q, Schnakers C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bonjean M, Hustinx R, Moonen G, et al. ‘Relevance vector machine’ consciousness classifier applied to cerebral metabolism of vegetative and locked-in patients. Neuroimage 2011;56:797–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Schabus M, Noirhomme Q, Bredart S, Boly M, Phillips C, Soddu A, Luxen A, Moonen G, et al. Two distinct neuronal networks mediate the awareness of environment and of self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2011;23:570–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp DJ, Beckmann CF, Greenwood R, Kinnunen KM, Bonnelle V, De Boissezon X, Powell JH, Counsell SJ, Patel MC, Leech R. Default mode network functional and structural connectivity after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2011;134:2233–2247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldenmund P, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Boly M, Laureys S, Soddu A. A default mode of brain function in altered states of consciousness. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 2012;150:107–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boveroux P, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Noirhomme Q, Lauwick S, Luxen A, Degueldre C, Plenevaux A, Schnakers C, Phillips C, et al. Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Anesthesiology 2010;113:1038–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldenmund P, Demertzi A, Boveroux P, Boly M, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Noirhomme Q, Brichant JF, Bonhomme V, Laureys S, et al. Thalamus, brainstem and salience network connectivity changes during mild propofol sedation and unconsciousness. Brain Connect 2013;3:273–285.
   Google Scholar
• Crone JS, Soddu A, Holler Y, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Schurz M, Bergmann J, Schmid E, Trinka E, Laureys S, Kronbichler M. Altered network properties of the fronto-parietal network and the thalamus in impaired consciousness. Neuroimage: Clinical 2013;4:240–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine L, Soddu A, Gomez F, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Tshibanda L, Thonnard M, Charland-Verville V, Kirsch M, Laureys S, Demertzi A. Resting state networks and consciousness: alterations of multiple resting state network connectivity in physiological, pharmacological, and pathological consciousness States. Frontiers in Psychology 2012;3:295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon V, Uddin LQ. Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function 2010;214:655–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lull N, Noe E, Lull JJ, Garcia-Panach J, Chirivella J, Ferri J, Lopez-Aznar D, Sopena P, Robles M. Voxel-based statistical analysis of thalamic glucose metabolism in traumatic brain injury: relationship with consciousness and cognition. Brain Injury 2010;24:1098–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lull N, Noe E, Lull JJ, Garcia-Panach J, Garcia-Marti G, Chirivella J, Ferri J, Sopena R, de La Cueva L, Robles M. [Thalamic metabolism and neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury. A voxel-based morphometric FDG-PET study]. Neurologia 2010;25:174–180.
   Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Luxen A, Lamy M, Franck G, Maquet P. Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state. Lancet 2000;355:1790–1791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juengling FD, Kassubek J, Huppertz HJ, Krause T, Els T. Separating functional and structural damage in persistent vegetative state using combined voxel-based analysis of 3-D MRI and FDG-PET. Journal of Neurological Sciences 200;228:179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of prolonged unresponsive wakefulness syndrome after blunt head injury: Review of 100 post-mortem cases. Brain Injury 2013;27:917–923.
   Google Scholar
• Kinney HC, Korein J, Panigrahy A, Dikkes P, Goode R. Neuropathological findings in the brain of Karen Ann Quinlan. The role of the thalamus in the persistent vegetative state. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330:1469–1475.
   Google Scholar
• Adams JH, Graham DI, Jennett B. The neuropathology of the vegetative state after an acute brain insult. Brain 2000;123:1327–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JH, Jennett B, McLellan DR, Murray LS, Graham DI. The neuropathology of the vegetative state after head injury. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1999;52:804–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell WL, Pennington K, MacKinnon MA, Smith DH, McIntosh TK, Wilson JT, Graham DI. Differential responses in three thalamic nuclei in moderately disabled, severely disabled and vegetative patients after blunt head injury. Brain 2004;127:2470–2478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell WL, MacKinnon MA, Smith DH, McIntosh TK, Graham DI. Thalamic nuclei after human blunt head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 2006;65:478–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum WI. Immediate, irreversible, posttraumatic coma: a review indicating that bilateral brainstem injury rather than widespread hemispheric damage is essential for its production. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 2015;74:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlow BL, Haynes RL, Takahashi E, Klein JP, Cummings P, Benner T, Greer DM, Greenberg SM, Wu O, Kinney HC, et al. Disconnection of the Ascending Arousal System in Traumatic Coma. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 2013;72:505–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Espejo D, Junque C, Bernabeu M, Roig-Rovira T, Vendrell P, Mercader JM. Reductions of thalamic volume and regional shape changes in the vegetative and the minimally conscious states. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1187–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Espejo D, Bekinschtein T, Monti MM, Pickard JD, Junque C, Coleman MR, Owen AM. Diffusion weighted imaging distinguishes the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state. Neuroimage 2011;54:103–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Espejo D, Soddu A, Cruse D, Palacios EM, Junque C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Rivas E, Newcombe V, Menon DK, Pickard JD, et al. A role for the default mode network in the bases of disorders of consciousness. Annals of Neurology 2012;72:335–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe VF, Williams GB, Scoffings D, Cross J, Carpenter TA, Pickard JD, Menon DK. Aetiological differences in neuroanatomy of the vegetative state: insights from diffusion tensor imaging and functional implications. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2010;81:552–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau MC, Confort-Gouny S, Catala A, Graperon J, Blaya J, Soulier E, Viout P, Galanaud D, Le Fur Y, Cozzone PJ, et al. A MRS-MRI-fMRI exploration of the brain. Impact of long-lasting persistent vegetative state. Brain Injury 2008;22:123–134.
   Google Scholar
• Lutkenhoff ES, McArthur DL, Hua X, Thompson PM, Vespa PM, Monti MM. Thalamic atrophy in antero-medial and dorsal nuclei correlates with six-month outcome after severe brain injury. Neuroimage Clinics 2013;3:396–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyama Y, Kobayashi T, Nishiyama Y, Satoh K, Ohkawa M, Seki K. CT for acute stage of closed head injury. Radiation Medicine 2005;23:309–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rovegno M, Soto PA, Saez JC, von Bernhardi R. [Biological mechanisms involved in the spread of traumatic brain damage]. Medicina Intensiva 2012;36:37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno MA, Majerus S, Boly M, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Schnakers C, Gosseries O, Boveroux P, Kirsch M, Demertzi A, Bernard C, et al. Functional neuroanatomy underlying the clinical subcategorization of minimally conscious state patients. Journal of Neurology 2012;259:1087–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Voxel-based morphometry–the methods. Neuroimage 2000;11:805–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 2001;14:21–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DI, Maxwell WL, Adams JH, Jennett B. Novel aspects of the neuropathology of the vegetative state after blunt head injury. Progress in Brain Research 2005;150:445–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato H, Tanaka T, Kasai K, Tanaka N. An autopsy case of acute carbon monoxide poisoning after a long-term vegetative state. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 2012;33:341–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu NS. Early and late CT manifestations in the persistent vegetative state due to cerebral anoxia-ischemia. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1993;92:697–701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trivedi MA, Ward MA, Hess TM, Gale SD, Dempsey RJ, Rowley HA, Johnson SC. Longitudinal changes in global brain volume between 79 and 409 days after traumatic brain injury: relationship with duration of coma. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007;24:766–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski Moreau O, Yollin E, Merlen E, Daveluy W, Rousseaux M. Lasting pituitary hormone deficiency after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2012;29:81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willie JT, Lim MM, Bennett RE, Azarion AA, Schwetye KE, Brody DL. Controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury acutely disrupts wakefulness and extracellular orexin dynamics as determined by intracerebral microdialysis in mice. Journal of Neurotrauma 2012;29:1908–1921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister TW. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of head injuries. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1992;15:395–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soddu A, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bahri MA, Bruno MA, Boly M, Demertzi A, Tshibanda JF, Phillips C, Stanziano M, Ovadia-Caro S, et al. Identifying the default-mode component in spatial IC analyses of patients with disorders of consciousness. Human Brain Mapping 2012;33:778–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino JT, Kalmar K, Whyte J. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85:2020–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldenmund P, Stender J, Heine L, Laureys S. Mindsight: diagnostics in disorders of consciousness. Critical Care Research & Practice 2012;2012:624724.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seel RT, Sherer M, Whyte J, Katz DI, Giacino JT, Rosenbaum AM, Hammond FM, Kalmar K, Pape TL, Zafonte R, et al. Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2010;91:1795–1813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitelman DR, Ashburner J, Friston KJ, Tyler LK, Price CJ. Voxel-based morphometry of herpes simplex encephalitis. Neuroimage 2001;13:623–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmond CH, Ashburner J, Vargha-Khadem F, Connelly A, Gadian DG, Friston KJ. Distributional assumptions in voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2002;17:1027–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 2007;38:95–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi R, Ishii K, Miyamoto N, Yoshikawa T, Shimada K, Ohkawa S, Kakigi T, Yokoyama K. Measurement of gray and white matter atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies using diffeomorphic anatomic registration through exponentiated lie algebra: a comparison with conventional voxel-based morphometry. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2010;31:1873–1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelle JE, Cusack R, Henson RN. Adjusting for global effects in voxel-based morphometry: gray matter decline in normal aging. Neuroimage 2012;60:1503–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjon JV, Coupe P, Marti-Bonmati L, Collins DL, Robles M. Adaptive non-local means denoising of MR images with spatially varying noise levels. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2010;31:192–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajapakse JC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Statistical approach to segmentation of single-channel cerebral MR images. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 1997;16:176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikl M, Marecek R, Hlustik P, Pavlicova M, Drastich A, Chlebus P, Brazdil M, Krupa P. Effects of spatial smoothing on fMRI group inferences. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2008;26:490–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henley SM, Ridgway GR, Scahill RI, Kloppel S, Tabrizi SJ, Fox NC, Kassubek J. Pitfalls in the use of voxel-based morphometry as a biomarker: examples from huntington disease. American Journal of Neuroradiolog 2010;31:711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibull A, Gustavsson H, Mattsson S, Svensson J. Investigation of spatial resolution, partial volume effects and smoothing in functional MRI using artificial 3D time series. Neuroimage 2008;41:346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AK, Nestor PJ, Williams GB, Bradshaw JL, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Barker RA. Pseudo-neglect in Huntington’s disease correlates with decreased angular gyrus density. Neuroreport 2004;15:1061–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellewell SC, Yan EB, Agyapomaa DA, Bye N, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Post-traumatic hypoxia exacerbates brain tissue damage: analysis of axonal injury and glial responses. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010;27:1997–2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekmark-Lewen S, Flygt J, Kiwanuka O, Meyerson BJ, Lewen A, Hillered L, Marklund N. Traumatic axonal injury in the mouse is accompanied by a dynamic inflammatory response, astroglial reactivity and complex behavioral changes. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2013;10:44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldskogius H, Kozlova EN. Central neuron-glial and glial-glial interactions following axon injury. Progress in Neurobiology 1998;55:1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF. Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2006;103:13848–13853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman MD, Cunningham WA. Type I and Type II error concerns in fMRI research: re-balancing the scale. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 2009;4:423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripolles P, Marco-Pallares J, de Diego-Balaguer R, Miro J, Falip M, Juncadella M, Rubio F, Rodriguez-Fornells A. Analysis of automated methods for spatial normalization of lesioned brains. Neuroimage 2012;60:1296–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karas GB, Scheltens P, Rombouts SA, Visser PJ, van Schijndel RA, Fox NC, Barkhof F. Global and local gray matter loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage 2004;23:708–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese CR, Lazar NA, Nichols T. Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 2002;15:870–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent AC, Milham MP, Bain EE, Mah L, Cannon DM, Marrett S, Zarate CA, Pine DS, Price JL, Drevets WC. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder investigated with MRI and voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2006;30:485–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deniz Can D, Richards T, Kuhl PK. Early gray-matter and white-matter concentration in infancy predict later language skills: a whole brain voxel-based morphometry study. Brain & Language 2013;124:34–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga B, Yasuda CL, Cendes F. White matter atrophy in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: voxel-based morphometry analysis of T1- and T2-Weighted MR Images. Radiology Research & Practice 2012;2012:481378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldfine AM, Schiff ND. Consciousness: its neurobiology and the major classes of impairment. Neurology Clinics 2011;29:723–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laureys S, Schiff ND. Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2012;61:478–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh A, Schroeter M, Jonkmanns C, Hartung HP, Modder U, Jander S. In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke. Brain 2004;127:1670–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy A, Carpenter KL, Menon DK, Pickard JD, Hutchinson PJ. The cytokine response to human traumatic brain injury: temporal profiles and evidence for cerebral parenchymal production. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 2011;31:658–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson VE, Stewart JE, Begbie FD, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH, Stewart W. Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury. Brain 2013;136:28–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mura E, Pistoia F, Sara M, Sacco S, Carolei A, Govoni S. Pharmacological modulation of the state of awareness in patients with Disorders of Consciousness: an overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014;20:4121–4139.
   Google Scholar
• Gosseries O, Charland-Verville V, Thonnard M, Bodart O, Laureys S, Demertzi A. Amantadine, apomorphine and zolpidem in the treatment of disorders of consciousness. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014;20:4167–4184
   Google Scholar
• Weiss N, Galanaud D, Carpentier A, Tezenas de Montcel S, Naccache L, Coriat P, Puybasset L. A combined clinical and MRI approach for outcome assessment of traumatic head injured comatose patients. Journal of Neurology 2008;255:217–223.
   Google Scholar
• Scott SK. The neurobiology of speech perception and production–can functional imaging tell us anything we did not already know? Journal of Communication Disorders 2012;45:419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattingen E, Blasel S, Nichtweiss M, Zanella FE, Weidauer S. MR imaging of midbrain pathologies. Clinical Neuroradiology 2010;20:81–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz L. Bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia: a cellular perspective. Neuropharmacology 2008;55:289–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingor P, Koch JC, Tonges L, Bahr M. Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS. Cell & Tissue Research 2012;349:289–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti MM. Cognition in the vegetative state. Annual Review of Clincal Psychology 2012;8:431–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giraud AL, Kell C, Thierfelder C, Sterzer P, Russ MO, Preibisch C, Kleinschmidt A. Contributions of sensory input, auditory search and verbal comprehension to cortical activity during speech processing. Cerebral Cortex 2004;14:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderfeldt B, Ingvar M, Ronnberg J, Eriksson L, Serrander M, Stone-Elander S. Signed and spoken language perception studied by positron emission tomography. Neurology 1997;49:82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorobyev VA, Alho K, Medvedev SV, Pakhomov SV, Roudas MS, Rutkovskaya JM, Tervaniemi M, Van Zuijen TL, Naatanen R. Linguistic processing in visual and modality-nonspecific brain areas: PET recordings during selective attention. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research 2004;20:309–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar