References
- Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Beck, T. L., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment in different functional domains and incident Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76, 1479–1484.
- Albert, M. S., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., & Jones, K. (2001). Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 631–639.
- Almkvist, O., & Bäckman, L. (1993). Detection and staging of early clinical dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 88, 10–15.
- Amieva, H., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J. M., Le Carret, N., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., Barberger-Gateau, P., Fabrigoule, C., & Dartigues, J. F. (2005). The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: A prospective population-based study. Brain, 128, 1093–1101.
- Bozoki, A., Giordani, B., Heidebrink, J. L., Berent, S., & Foster, N. L. (2001). Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss. Archives of Neurology, 58, 411–416.
- Caramelli, P., Mansur, L. L., & Nitrini, R. (1998). Language and communication disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker ( Eds.), Handbook of neurolinguistics (pp. 463–473). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
- Chen, P., Ratcliff, G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2001). Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 853–858.
- Cuetos, F., Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., Uribe, C., Valencia, C., & Lopera, F. (2007). Linguistic changes in verbal expression: A preclinical marker of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 433–439.
- de Jager, C. A., & Budge, M. M. (2005). Stability and predictability of the classification of mild cognitive impairment as assessed by episodic memory performance over time. Neurocase, 11, 72–79.
- Dick, M. B., Nielson, K. A., Beth, R. E., Shankle, W. R., & Cotman, C. W. (1995). Acquisition and long-term retention of a fine motor skill in Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 29, 294–306.
- Elias, M. F., Beiser, A., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R. F., & D'Agostino, R. B. (2000). The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease: A 22-year prospective study of the Framingham Cohort. Archives of Neurology, 57, 808–813.
- Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1986). Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006–3009.
- Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
- Forbes, K. E., Venneri, A., & Shanks, M. F. (2002). Dictinct patterns of spontaneous speech deterioration: An early predictor of Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 48, 356–361.
- Forbes-McKay, K. E., & Venneri, A. (2005). Detecting subtle spontaneous language decline in early Alzheimer's disease with a picture description task. Neurological Sciences, 26, 243–254.
- Friedland, D., & Miller, N. (1999). Language mixing in bilingual speakers with Alzheimer's dementia: A conversation analysis approach. Aphasiology, 13, 427–444.
- Galindo Solé, M. (2003). Language contact phenomena in Catalonia: The influence of Catalan in spoken Castilian. In L. Sayahi ( Ed.), Selected proceedings of the first workshop on Spanish sociolinguistics (pp. 18–29). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
- George, D., & Mallery, P. (1998). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Gómez, I. (2008). Aplicabilidad del Test de la Afasia para Bilingües de Michel Paradis a la población catalana/castellano parlante (Tesis Doctoral). Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico. Universidad de Barcelona.
- Grosjean, F. (1998a). Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 131–149.
- Grosjean, F. (1998b). Transfer and language mode. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 175–176.
- Guarch, J., Marcos, T., Salamero, M., & Blesa, R. (2004). Neuropsychological markers of dementia in patients with memory complaints. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 352–358.
- Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2004). Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1212–1222.
- Hyltenstam, K., & Obler, L. K. (1989). Bilingualism across the lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Hyltenstam, K., & Stroud, C. (1993). Second language regression in Alzheimer's dementia. In K. Hyltenstam, & A. Viberg ( Eds.), Progression and regression in language. Sociocultural, neuropsychological and linguistic perspectives (pp. 222–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Ivanova, M. V., & Hallowell, B. (2009). Short form of the Bilingual Aphasia Test in Russian: Psychometric data of persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 23, 544–556.
- Jacobs, D. M., Sano, M., Dooneief, G., Marder, K., Bell, K. L., & Stern, Y. (1995). Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 45, 957–962.
- Jacobson, M. W., Delis, D. C., Bondi, M. W., & Salmon, D. P. (2002). Do neuropsychological tests detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Individual-test versus cognitive-discrepancy score analyses. Neuropsychology, 16, 132–139.
- Juncos-Rabadán, O. (1994). The assessment of bilingualism in normal aging with the Bilingual Aphasia Test. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 8, 67–73.
- Juncos-Rabadán, O., & Iglesias, F. J. (1994). Decline in the elderly's language: Evidence from cross-linguistic data. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 8, 183–190.
- Kluger, A., Ferris, S. H., Golomb, J., Mittelman, M. S., & Reisberg, B. (1999). Neuropsychological prediction of decline to dementia in nondemented elderly. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12, 168–179.
- López Pousa, S., & Lozano Fernández de Pinedo, R. (2001). Enfermedad de Alzheimer. In S. López Pousa, J. Vilalta Franch, & J. Llinàs Reglà ( Eds.), Manual de demencias (pp. 305–335). Barcelona: Prous Science.
- Mann, H. B., & Whitney, D. R. (1947). On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18, 50–60.
- Masur, D. M., Fuld, P. A., Blau, A. D., Crystal, H., & Aronson, M. K. (1990). Predicting development of dementia in the elderly with the Selective Reminding Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 529–538.
- McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.
- Meguro, K., Senaha, M. L. H., Caramelli, P., Ishizaki, J., Chubacci, R. Y. S., Meguro, M., Ambo, H., Nitrini, R., & Yamadori, A. (2003). Language deterioration in four Japanese-Portuguese bilingual patients with Alzheimer's disease: A trans-cultural study of Japanese elderly immigrants in Brazil. Psychogeriatrics, 3, 63–68.
- Mendez, M. F., Perryman, K. M., Pontón, M. O., & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Bilingualism and dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 411–412.
- Muñoz, M. L., & Marquardt, T. P. (2008). The performance of neurologically normal bilingual speakers of Spanish and English on the short version of the Bilingual Aphasia Test. Aphasiology, 22, 3–19.
- Nielsen, H., Lolk, A., Andersen, K., Andersen, J., & Kragh-Sorensen, P. (1999). Characteristics of elderly who develop Alzheimer's disease during the next two years-a neuropsychological study using CAMCOG. The Odense Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 957–963.
- Obler, L. K., & Albert, M. L. (1984). Language in aging. In M. L. Albert ( Ed.), Clinical neurology of aging (pp. 245–253). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Paradis, M. (2009). Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Paradis, M., & Elias, J. (1989a). Test d'afàsia en els bilingües, (Catalan version). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Paradis, M., & Elias, J. (1989b). Test de la afasia en los bilingües, (European Spanish version). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Paradis, M., & Libben, G. (1987). The assessment of bilingual aphasia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Paradis, M., & Libben, G. (1993). Evaluación de la afasia en los bilingües. Barcelona: Masson.
- Payrató, L. I. (1985). La interferència lingüística. Comentaris i exemples català-castellà. Barcelona: Curial Edicions Catalanes, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat.
- Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194.
- Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., Ritchie, K., Rossor, M., Thal, L., & Winblad, B. (2001a). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985–1992.
- Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Kokmen, E., & Tangelos, E. G. (1997). Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 65–69.
- Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangelos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.
- Petersen, R. C., Stevens, J. C., Ganguli, M., Tangelos, E. G., Cummings, J. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2001b). Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 56, 1133–1142.
- Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., de Leon, M. D., & Crook, T. (1982). The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1136–1139.
- Renom, J. (1992). Diseño de tests. Barcelona: Idea Investigación y Desarrollo.
- Saxton, J., Lopez, O. L., Ratcliff, G., Dulberg, C., Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., Newman, A. B., & Kuller, L . (2004). Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Neuropsychological test performance 1.5 to 8 years prior to onset. Neurology, 63, 2341–2347.
- Small, B. J., Herlitz, A., Fratiglioni, L., Almkvist, O., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Cognitive predictors of incident Alzheimer's disease: A prospective longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 11, 413–420.
- Tabert, M. H., Manly, J. J., Liu, X., Pelton, G. H., Rosenblum, S., Jacobs, M., Zamora, D., Goodkind, M., Bell, K., Stern, Y., & Devanand, D. P. (2006). Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 916–924.
- Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2008). Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 501–556.
- Tierney, M. C., Szalai, J. P., Snow, W. G., Fisher, R. H., Nores, A., Nadon, G., Dunn, E., & St George-Hyslop, P. H. (1996). Prediction of probable Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology, 46, 661–665.
- Vogel, A., Gade, A., Stokholm, J., & Waldemar, G. (2005). Semantic memory impairment in the earliest phases of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 75–81.
- Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J. P., Mohs, R. C., & Heyman, A. (1992). Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 49, 448–452.
- Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin, 1, 80–83.
- Zanini, S., Tavano, A., & Fabbro, F. (2010). Spontaneous language production in bilingual Parkinson's disease patients: Evidence of greater phonological, morphological and syntactic impairments in native language. Brain and Language, 113, 84–89.
- Zanini, S., Tavano, A., Vorano, L., Schiavo, F., Gigli, G. L., Aglioti, S. M., & Fabbro, F. (2004). Greater syntactic impairments in native language in bilingual Parkinsonian patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 1678–1681.