Functional Analysis of Platelet-Activating Factor in the Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Choroidal Endothelial Cells

REFERENCES

• Leibowitz HM, Kr ueger DE, Maunder LR, Milton RC, Kini MM, Kahn HA, Nickerson RJ, Pool J, Colton TL, Ganley JP, Loewenstein JI, Dawber TR. The Farmington Eye Study monograph: An ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2,631 adults, 1973–1975. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24:335–610.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Fine SL. Age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988;32:375–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer A, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Gottsch JD, Javitt JC, Martone JF, Royall RM, Witt KA, Ezrine S. Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in East Baltimore. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1412–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy.The Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FL III, Fine SL, Hyman L. Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1640–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarbin MA. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:598–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer AN, Vrensen GFJM, Van Noorden CJF, Schlingemann RO. Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease. Prog Retina Eye Res. 2003;22:1–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET, Feinsod M, Guyer DR. VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2805–2816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Giust MJ, Wendel R, Patel A. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY, Kim RY. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. J Engl J Med. 2006;355:1419–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda Z, Nakamura M, Miki I, Watanabe T, Seyama Y, Okado H, Toh H, Ito K, Myamoto T, Shimizu T. Cloning by functional expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from quinea pig lung. Nature. 1991;349:342–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi T, Shimizu T. Platelet-activating factor receptor: Gene expression and signal transduction. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1995;1259:317–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrache AM, Gobeil F Jr, Zhu T, Chemtob S. Intracellular signaling of lipid mediators via cognate nuclear G protein-coupled receptors. Endothelium. 2005;12:63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montrucchio G, Lupia E, Battaglia E, Del Sorbo L, Boccellino M, Biancone L, Emanuelli G, Camussi G. Platelet-activating factor enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell motility and neoangiogenesis in a murine matrigel model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Bio.l 2000;20:1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montrucchio G, Lupia E, Battaglia E, Passerini G, Bussolino F, Emanuelli G, Camussi G. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced angiogenesis depends on in situ platelet-activating factor biosynthesis. J Exp Med. 1994;180:377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camussi G, Montrucchio G, Lupia E, Soldi R, Comoglio PM, Bussolino F. Angiogenesis induced in vivo by hepatocyte growth factor is mediated by platelet-activating factor synthesis from macrophages. J Immunol. 1997;158:1302–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camussi G, Montrucchio G, Lupia E, De Martino A, Perona L, Arese M, Vercellone M, Toniolo A, Bussolino F. Platelet-activating factor directly stimulates in vitro migration of endothelial cells and promotes in vivo angiogenesis by a heparin-dependent mechanism. J Immunol. 1995;154:6492–6501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Ottino P, Bazan HP, Bazan NG. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces corneal neovascularization and upregulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:2915–2921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko HM, Seo KH, Han SJ, Ahn KY, Choi IH, Koh GY, Lee HK, Ra MS, Im SY. Nuclear factor kappa B dependency of platelet-activating factor-induced angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002;62:1809–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen RA, Gebhardt BM, Bazan NG. A platelet-activating factor antagonist reduces corneal allograft inflammation and neovascularization. Curr Eye Res. 1994;13:139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37:911–917.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen JS, Wykle RL, Samuel MP, Thomas MJ. An improved assay for platelet-activating factor using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:372–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussolino F, Gremo F, Tetta C, Pescarmona GP, Camussi G. Production of platelet-activating factor by chick retina. J Biol Chem. 1998;261:16502–16508.
   Google Scholar
• Kvanta A, Algvere P, Berglin L, Seregard S. Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:1929–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliffen M, Sharma HS, Mooy CM, Kerkvliet S, de Jong PT. Increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in age-related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:154–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez PF, Sippy BD, Lambert HM, Thach AB, Hinton DR. Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis. Sci 1997;37:855–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells JA, Murthy R, Chibber R, Nunn A, Molinatti PA, Kohner EM, Gregor ZJ. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in the vitreous of patients with subretinal neovascularization. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:363–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilsbury K, Garrett KL, Shen WY, Constable IJ, Rakoczy PE. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol. 2000;157:135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzystolik MG, Afshari MA, Adamis AP, Gaudreault J, Gragoudas ES, Michaud NA, Li W, Connolly E, O’Neill CA, Miller JW. Prevention of experimental choroidal neovascularization with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody fragment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin AP, De Vries GW. Role of PLCγ and Ca2+ in VEGF- and FGF-induced choroidal endothelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001;281:C1448–C1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubilewicz A, Hecquet C, Jeanny JC, Soubrane G, Courtois Y, Mascarelli F. Two distinct signaling pathways are involved in FGF2-stimulated proliferation of choriocapillary endothelial cells: A comparative study with VEGF. Oncogene. 2001;20:1403–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisen P, McColm JR, Hartnett ME. Choroidal endothelial cells transmigrate across the retinal pigment epithelium but do not proliferate in response to soluble vascular endothelial growth factor. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:608–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, Hardisty LI, Hageman JL, Stockman HA, Borchardt JD, Gehrs KM, et al. A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. PNAS. 2005;102:7227–7232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson JR, Bolognese B, Mangar CA, Hubbard WC, Marshall LA, Winkler JD. The role of platelet-activating factor and other lipid mediators in inflammatory angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998;1392:145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton D, Henson PM. Cellular origin of PAF. In: Barnes PJ, Page CP, Henson PM, eds. Platelet-Activating Factor and Human Diseases. London: Blackwell Scientific; 1989:23.
   Google Scholar
• Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Sugino IK, Zarbin MA. Clinicopathological correlation of primary and recurrent choroidal neovascularization following surgical excision in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:480–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurrbusch UE, Welt K, Horn LC, Wiedemann P, Wolf S. Histological findings of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes after photodynamic therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:1086–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar