Valproic Acid Regulates Antioxidant Enzymes and Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Rat Retina

REFERENCES

• Grace PA. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Surg. 1994;81:637–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JP, Chidlow G, Graham M, Melena J. Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004;23:91–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonne C, Muller A, Villain M. Free radicals in retinal ischemia. Gen Pharmacol. 1998;30:275–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Mascio P, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:194S–200S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdelyi K, Bakondi E, Gergely P, Szabo C, Virag L. Pathophysiologic role of oxidative stress-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation: focus on cell death and transcriptional regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:751–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrosova IG, Drel VR, Pacher P, et al. Oxidative-nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in experimental diabetic neuropathy: the relation is revisited. Diabetes. 2005;54:3435–3441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Wu X, Gong Y, et al. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Curr Eye Res. 2010;35:930–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Gong YY, Xie ZG, Li CH, Gu Q, Wu XW. Edaravone (MCI-186), a free radical scavenger, attenuates retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008;29:823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo ME, Droy-Lefaix MT, Doly M, Braquet P. Free radical-mediated effects in reperfusion injury: a histologic study with superoxide dismutase and EGB 761 in rat retina. Ophthalmic Res. 1991;23:225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto F, Hiroi K, Honda Y. Effects of intravenous superoxide dismutase and catalase on electroretinogram in the cat postischemic retina. Ophthalmic Res. 1994;26:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayak MS, Kita M, Marmor MF. Protection of rabbit retina from ischemic injury by superoxide dismutase and catalase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:2018–2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Z, Wu X, Gong Y, Song Y, Qiu Q, Li C. Intraperitoneal injection of Ginkgo biloba extract enhances antioxidation ability of retina and protects photoreceptors after light-induced retinal damage in rats. Curr Eye Res. 2007;32:471–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunnicliff G. Actions of sodium valproate on the central nervous system. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999;50:347–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogawski MA, Loscher W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:553–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlicher M, Minucci S, Zhu P, et al. Valproic acid defines a novel class of HDAC inhibitors inducing differentiation of transformed cells. EMBO J. 2001;20:6969–6978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger SL. Gene activation by histone and factor acetyltransferases. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999;11:336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey BN, Valvassori SS, Reus GZ, et al. Effects of lithium and valproate on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006;31:326–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jornada LK, Valvassori SS, Steckert AV, et al. Lithium and valproate modulate antioxidant enzymes and prevent ouabain-induced oxidative damage in an animal model of mania. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao L, Young LT, Wang JF. Chronic treatment with mood stabilizers lithium and valproate prevents excitotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortical cells. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouaux C, Panteleeva I, Rene F, et al. Sodium valproate exerts neuroprotective effects in vivo through CREB-binding protein-dependent mechanisms but does not improve survival in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. J Neurosci. 2007;27:5535–5545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JF, Azzam JE, Young LT. Valproate inhibits oxidative damage to lipid and protein in primary cultured rat cerebrocortical cells. Neuroscience. 2003;116:485–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Tong N, Gong Y, et al. Valproate protects the retina from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurosci Lett. 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassel B, Iversen EG, Gjerstad L, Tauboll E. Up-regulation of hippocampal glutamate transport during chronic treatment with sodium valproate. J Neurochem. 2001;77:1285–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes WF. Quantitation of ischemic damage in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res. 1991;53:573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:421–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem. 1988;34:497–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70:158–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen G, Dembiec D, Marcus J. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Anal Biochem. 1970;34:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Frey BN, et al. Effects of mood stabilizers on DNA damage in an animal model of mania. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008;33:516–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Cherici G, Alesiani M, Carla V, Moroni F. Excitatory amino acid release and free radical formation may cooperate in the genesis of ischemia-induced neuronal damage. J Neurosci. 1990;10:1035–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RE, Maude MB, Nielsen JC. Effect of lipid peroxidation on rhodopsin regeneration. Curr Eye Res. 1985;4:65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chida M, Suzuki K, Nakanishi-Ueda T, et al. In vitro testing of antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. Ophthalmic Res. 1999;31:407–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Caballero S, Seo S, Grant MB, Lewin AS. Delivery of antioxidant enzyme genes to protect against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to retinal microvasculature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5587–5595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agardh CD, Gustavsson C, Hagert P, Nilsson M, Agardh E. Expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat retinal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Metabolism. 2006;55:892–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewden O, Garcher C, Morales C, Javouhey A, Rochette L, Bron AM. Changes of catalase activity after ischemia-reperfusion in rat retina. Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28:331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Remessy AB, Khalil IE, Matragoon S, et al. Neuroprotective effect of (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced retinal neurotoxicity: involvement of peroxynitrite. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1997–2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:1620–1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslan M, Yucel I, Akar Y, Yucel G, Ciftcioglu MA, Sanlioglu S. Nitrotyrosine formation and apoptosis in rat models of ocular injury. Free Radic Res. 2006;40:147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SY, Fu ZJ, Ma H, et al. Effect of lutein on retinal neurons and oxidative stress in a model of acute retinal ischemia/reperfusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:836–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Tang L. Protective effects of catalase on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Eye Res. 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SY, Yang D, Yeung CM, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce neuronal damage, blood-retinal barrier disruption and oxidative stress in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Plos One. 2011;6:e16380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneda K, Kashii S, Kurosawa T, et al. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation and upregulation of Bax induced by transient ischemia of the rat retina. Brain Res. 1999;815:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchi ER. Cell death in the rat retina after a pressure-induced ischaemia-reperfusion insult: an electron microscopic study. I. Ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. Exp Eye Res. 1992;55:605–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieper AA, Verma A, Zhang J, Snyder SH. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, nitric oxide and cell death. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999;20:171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang SK, Lam TT. Post-treatment at 12 or 18 hours with 3-aminobenzamide ameliorates retinal ischemia-reperfusion damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3210–3214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn DI, Kim SJ, Chu K, et al. Valproic acid-mediated neuroprotection in intracerebral hemorrhage via histone deacetylase inhibition and transcriptional activation. Neurobiol Dis. 2007;26:464–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh J, Nakashima K, Kuwabara T, Mejia E, Gage FH. Histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated neuronal differentiation of multipotent adult neural progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:16659–16664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinale JP, Sriramula S, Pariaut R, et al. HDAC inhibition attenuates inflammatory, hypertrophic, and hypertensive responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2010;56:437–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo ME, Droy-Lefaix MT, Doly M, Carre C, Braquet P. Ischemia and reperfusion-induced histologic changes in the rat retina. Demonstration of a free radical-mediated mechanism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32:1471–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockton RA, Slaughter MM. B-wave of the electroretinogram. A reflection of ON bipolar cell activity. J Gen Physiol. 1989;93:101–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block F, Schwarz M. The b-wave of the electroretinogram as an index of retinal ischemia. Gen Pharmacol. 1998;30:281–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang DM, Leng Y. Endogenous alpha-synuclein is induced by valproic acid through histone deacetylase inhibition and participates in neuroprotection against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2006;26:7502–7512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Chen PS, Dallas S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate astrocyte GDNF and BDNF gene transcription and protect dopaminergic neurons. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:1123–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar