Correlation of Diabetic Retinopathy and Corneal Neuropathy Using Confocal Microscopy

REFERENCES

• Shaw JE, Sicree R. (2008). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes.. In: Feinglos MN, Bethel MA, eds. Contemporary Endocrinology: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Evidence-Based Approach to Practical Management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Boucek P. Advanced Diabetic Neuropathy: A Point of no Return? Rev Diabet Stud 2006;3:143–150.
   Google Scholar
• Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK et al. α-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1999;48:2045–2051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root-Bernsteinz R, Busikn JV, Henrynw DN. Are diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy caused by hyperglycemic exclusion of dehydroascorbate uptake by glucose transporters? J theor Biol 2002;216:345–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton AJ, Malik RA, Arezzo JC et al. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1458–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Roith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM. (1996). Diabetes mellitus: a fundamental and clinical text. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 737–772.
   Google Scholar
• Quadrado MJ, Popper M, Morgado AM et al. Diabetes and corneal cell densities in humans by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea 2006;25:761–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi Y. [Diabetic keratopathy]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1997;101:105–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockwood A, Hope-Ross M, Chell P. Neurotrophic keratopathy and diabetes mellitus. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:837–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Immonen IJ et al. Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:2915–2921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue K, Kato S, Inoue Y et al. The corneal endothelium and thickness in type II diabetes mellitus. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2002;46:65–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Oum BS, Choi HY et al. Differences in corneal thickness and corneal endothelium related to duration in diabetes. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz RO, Matsuda M, Yee RW et al. Corneal endothelial changes in type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol 1984;98:401–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roszkowska AM, Tringali CG, Colosi P et al. Corneal endothelium evaluation in type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmologica 1999;213:258–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Li X, Yuan J. Morphologic characteristics of cornea stroma in type 2 diabetics observed with confocal microscopy. Chinese Ophthalm Res 2007;25:64–67.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Lu S, Truffert A et al. Corneal nerves alterations in various types of systemic polyneuropathy, identified by in vivo confocal microscopy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2008;225:413–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Mai CK, Hu YH et al. Experimental study of corneal innervation in diabetic mellitus. J Tongji Med Univ 1995;15:38–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogell GD. Corneal hypesthesia and retinopathy in diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1980;87:229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito J, Enoki M, Hara M et al. Correlation of corneal sensation, but not of basal or reflex tear secretion, with the stage of diabetic retinopathy. Cornea 2003;22:15–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy PJ, Patel S, Kong N et al. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1737–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, Efron N et al. Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1895–1897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akagi Y, Kubo E, Takamura Y. Diabetic keratopathy. Folia Ophthalmologica Japonica 2002;53:423–427.
   Google Scholar
• Chen WL, Lin CT, Ko PS et al. In vivo confocal microscopic findings of corneal wound healing after corneal epithelial debridement in diabetic vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1038–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain P, Sachdev A, Malik RA. Early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with corneal confocal microscopy. Lancet 2005;366:1340–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Thompson L et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive means to diagnose neuropathy in patients with Fabry disease. Muscle Nerve 2009;40:976–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Pitceathly R et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2010;223:245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen M, Soliman W. (2007). Grading of diabetic retinopathy.. In: Joussen AM, Gardner TW, Kirchhof B, Ryan SJ. (eds.) Retinal Vascular Disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 291–301.
   Google Scholar
• Kallinikos P, Berhanu M, O’Donnell C et al. Corneal nerve tortuosity in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2003;46:683–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastjerdi MH, Dana R. Corneal nerve alterations in dry eye-associated ocular surface disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2009;49:11–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guthoff RF, Wienss H, Hahnel C et al. Epithelial innervation of human cornea: a three-dimensional study using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Cornea 2005;24:608–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rózsa AJ, Beuerman RW. Density and organization of free nerve endings in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit. Pain 1982;14:105–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MA, Marfurt CF. Peptidergic innervation of the rat cornea. Exp Eye Res 1998;66:421–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zochodne DW. Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: manifestations and mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2007;36:144–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaji Y, Usui T, Oshika T et al. Advanced glycation end products in diabetic corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:362–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Du Z. The relevance of advanced glycation end products to eye disease. Chinese Ophthalm Res 2008;26:313–316.
   Google Scholar
• Zagon IS, Sassani JW, McLaughlin PJ. Insulin treatment ameliorates impaired corneal reepithelialization in diabetic rats. Diabetes 2006;55:1141–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosotani H. Diabetic keratopathy. Folia Ophthalmol Japonica 2002;53:428–434.
   Google Scholar
• Messmer EM, Schmid-Tannwald C, Zapp D et al. In vivo confocal microscopy of corneal small fiber damage in diabetes mellitus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248:1307–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cillà S, Ranno S, Carini E et al. Corneal subbasal nerves changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy: an in vivo confocal study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:5155–5158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocan MC, Durukan I, Irkec M et al. Morphologic alterations of both the stromal and subbasal nerves in the corneas of patients with diabetes. Cornea 2006;25:769–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang PY, Carrel H, Huang JS et al. Decreased density of corneal basal epithelium and subbasal corneal nerve bundle changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:488–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Wang W, Yuan J. Distribution and morphological changes of corneal nerves in type 2 diabetic patients detected by confocal microscopy. Chinese J of Ophthalmol 2006;42:896–900.
   Google Scholar
• Midena E, Brugin E, Ghirlando A et al. Corneal diabetic neuropathy: a confocal microscopy study. J Refract Surg 2006;22:S1047–S1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M et al. Surrogate markers of small fiber damage in human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2007;56:2148–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration after pancreas transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2608–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik RA, Veves A, Walker D et al. Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. Acta Neuropathol 2001;101:367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didenko TN, Smoliakova GP, Sorokin EL et al. [Clinical and pathogenetic features of neurotrophic corneal disorders in diabetes]. Vestn Oftalmol 1999;115:7–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolwijk TR, van Best JA, Oosterhuis JA et al. Corneal autofluorescence: an indicator of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini JS, Mittal S. Graded corneal sensitivity for screening of diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 1996;44:219–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwasaki T, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Significant association of serum albumin with severity of retinopathy and neuropathy, in addition to that of nephropathy, in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Endocr J 2008;55:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabanayagam C, Tai ES, Lee J et al. Retinal vessel caliber and peripheral neuropathy in diabetic participants. Microcirculation 2010;17:297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärvestedt L, Mårtensson E, Grill V et al. Peripheral sensory neuropathy associates with micro- or macroangiopathy: results from a population-based study of type 2 diabetic patients in Sweden. Diabetes Care 2009;32:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu M, Takahashi H, Nagaya K et al. A study of the relationship between diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1994;98:1126–1130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer W, Reichel G, Rabending G et al. [The diabetic polyneuropathy. II. Polyneuropathy, angiopathy and nerve conduction velocity]. Endokrinologie 1979;74:221–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed N. Advanced glycation endproducts–role in pathology of diabetic complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;67:3–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010;107:1058–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar