Association Between Thr21Met and Ser89Asn Polymorphisms of the Urotensin-II (UTS2) Gene, Diabetes Mellitus, and Diabetic Retinopathy

REFERENCES

• Madsen-Bouterse SA, Kowluru RA. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008;9:315–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH. How to overcome retinal neuropathy: the fight against angiogenesis-related blindness. Arch Pharm Res 2010;33:1557–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vithian K, Hurel S. Microvascular complications: pathophysiology and management. Clin Med 2010;10:505–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW et al.; American Diabetes Association. Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S84–S87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn JS, Madan A, Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Caldwell RW, Hartnett ME. Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008;27:331–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010;107:1058–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew G, Klein R, Wong TY. The role of genetics in susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2009;49:35–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ames RS, Sarau HM, Chambers JK et al. Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14. Nature 1999;401:282–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Wong LY, Cheung BM. The role of urotensin II in the metabolic syndrome. Peptides 2008;29:859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestre RA, Egido EM, Hernández R et al. Urotensin-II is present in pancreatic extracts and inhibits insulin release in the perfused rat pancreas. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:803–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco J, Egido EM, Hernández R, Silvestre RA. Evidence for endogenous urotensin-II as an inhibitor of insulin secretion. Study in the perfused rat pancreas. Peptides 2008;29:852–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totsune K, Takahashi K, Arihara Z et al. Elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive urotensin II and its increased urinary excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: association with progress of diabetic nephropathy. Peptides 2004;25:1809–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totsune K, Takahashi K, Arihara Z, Sone M, Ito S, Murakami O. Increased plasma urotensin II levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 2003;104:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suguro T, Watanabe T, Kodate S et al. Increased plasma urotensin-II levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy and carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci 2008;115:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langham RG, Kelly DJ, Gow RM et al. Increased expression of urotensin II and urotensin II receptor in human diabetic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:826–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell FD. Emerging roles of urotensin-II in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2004;103:223–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauzeau V, Le Mellionnec E, Bertoglio J, Scalbert E, Pacaud P, Loirand G. Human urotensin II-induced contraction and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation are mediated by RhoA and Rho-kinase. Circ Res 2001;88:1102–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L, Ding W, Li D et al. Proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects of human urotensin II on human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2006;188:260–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongfang J, Cong Bailin, Zhao Bin et al. Effects of hydrogen sulfide on hypoxic pulmonary vascular structural remodeling. Life Sci 2006;78:1299–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenyi Z, Suzuki S, Hirai M et al. Role of urotensin II gene in genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. Diabetologia 2003;46:972–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S, Wenyi Z, Hirai M et al. Genetic variations at urotensin II and urotensin II receptor genes and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese. Peptides 2004;25:1803–1808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Wong LY, Man YB et al. Haplotypes in the urotensin II gene and urotensin II receptor gene are associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Peptides 2006;27:1659–1667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müllenbach R, Lagoda PJ, Welter C. An efficient salt-chloroform extraction of DNA from blood and tissues. Trends Genet 1989;5:391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai N, Fujii T, Saito K, Tokoyama T. Rapid and simple method for preparation of genomic DNA from easily obtainable clotted blood. J Clin Pathol 1994;47:1043–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pehlivan Y, Gogebakan B, Oztuzcu S et al. Association between Thr21Met and Ser89Asn polymorphisms of the urotensin II gene and systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2012;39:106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henikoff JG, Henikoff S. Using substitution probabilities to improve position-specific scoring matrices. Comput Appl Biosci 1996;12:135–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browne WJ, North AC, Phillips DC, Brew K, Vanaman TC, Hill RL. A possible three-dimensional structure of bovine alpha-lactalbumin based on that of hen’s egg-white lysozyme. J Mol Biol 1969;42:65–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shotton DM, Watson HC. Three-dimensional structure of tosyl-elastase. Nature 1970;225:811–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer J. Model for haptoglobin heavy chain based upon structural homology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:3393–3397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer J. Comparative model-building of the mammalian serine proteases. J Mol Biol 1981;153:1027–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer J. Model structure for the inflammatory protein C5a. Science 1985;228:1055–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell TL, Sibanda BL, Sternberg MJ, Thornton JM. Knowledge-based prediction of protein structures and the design of novel molecules. Nature 1987;326:347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell T, Carney D, Gardner S et al. 18th Sir Hans Krebs lecture. Knowledge-based protein modelling and design. Eur J Biochem 1988;172:513–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sali A, Blundell TL. Comparative protein modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. J Mol Biol 1993;234:779–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Zhang Z, He Z, et al. A partition-ligation-combination-subdivision EM algorithm for haplotype inference with multiallelic markers: update of the SHEsis (http://analysis.bio-x.cn). Cell Res 2009;19:519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertin G, Guidolin D, Sorato E, Oselladore B, Tortorella C, Ribatti D. Urotensin-II-stimulated expression of pro-angiogenic factors in human vascular endothelial cells. Regul Pept 2011;172:16–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tolentino MJ, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES et al. Intravitreous injections of vascular endothelial growth factor produce retinal ischemia and microangiopathy in an adult primate. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1820–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1480–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinazzi R, Albertin G, Nico B et al. Urotensin-II and its receptor (UT-R) are expressed in rat brain endothelial cells, and urotensin-II via UT-R stimulates angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2006;18:1107–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendron G, Simard B, Gobeil F Jr, Sirois P, D’Orléans-Juste P, Regoli D. Human urotensin-II enhances plasma extravasation in specific vascular districts in Wistar rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004;82:16–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsusaka S, Wakabayashi I. Enhancement of vascular smooth muscle cell migration by urotensin II. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006;373:381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzanidis A, Hannan RD, Thomas WG et al. Direct actions of urotensin II on the heart: implications for cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Circ Res 2003;93:246–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djordjevic T, BelAiba RS, Bonello S, Pfeilschifter J, Hess J, Görlach A. Human urotensin II is a novel activator of NADPH oxidase in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 1999;48:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Remessy AB, Behzadian MA, Abou-Mohamed G, Franklin T, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Experimental diabetes causes breakdown of the blood-retina barrier by a mechanism involving tyrosine nitration and increases in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Am J Pathol 2003;162:1995–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita M, Shichiri M, Fukai N et al. Urotensin II is an autocrine/paracrine growth factor for the porcine renal epithelial cell line, LLCPK1. Endocrinology 2003;144:1825–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson AM, Lambert GW, Smith KJ, May CN. Urotensin II acts centrally to increase epinephrine and ACTH release and cause potent inotropic and chronotropic actions. Hypertension 2003;42:373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruson D, Rousseau MF, Ketelslegers JM, Hermans MP. Raised plasma urotensin II in type 2 diabetes patients is associated with the metabolic syndrome phenotype. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2010;12:653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sáez ME, Smani T, Ramírez-Lorca R et al. Association analysis of urotensin II gene (UTS2) and flanking regions with biochemical parameters related to insulin resistance. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e19327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clozel M, Hess P, Qiu C, Ding SS, Rey M. The urotensin-II receptor antagonist palosuran improves pancreatic and renal function in diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1115–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidharta PN, Wagner FD, Bohnemeier H et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the urotensin II receptor antagonist palosuran in macroalbuminuric, diabetic patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;80:246–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidharta PN, Rave K, Heinemann L, Chiossi E, Krähenbühl S, Dingemanse J. Effect of the urotensin-II receptor antagonist palosuran on secretion of and sensitivity to insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:502–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt L, Chiurchiu C, Chadha-Boreham H et al.; PROLONG (PROteinuria Lowering with urOteNsin receptor antaGonists) Study Group. Effect of the urotensin receptor antagonist palosuran in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2010;55:1206–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar