References
- Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron 2004;43:447–468
- Bedrossian RH. The effect of atropine on myopia. Ann Ophthalmol 1971;3:891–897
- Tan DTH, Lam DS, Chua WH, Shu-Ping DF, Crockett RS. One-year multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel saftey and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. Ophthalmology 2005;112:84–91
- Siatkowski RM, Cotter S, Miller JM, Scher CA, Crockett RS, Novack GD. Safety and efficacy of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. Arch Ophthamol 2004;122:1667–1674
- Siatkowski R, Cotter S, Crockett R, Miller J, Novack G, Zadnik K. Two-year multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia. J AAPOS 2008;12:332–339
- McBrien N, Arumugam B, Gentle A, Chow A, Sahebjada S. The M4 muscarinic antagonist MT-3 inhbits myopia in chick: evidence for site of action. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011;31:529–539
- Diether S, Schaeffel F, Fritsch C, Trendelenburg A, Payor R, Lambrou GN. Role of M-1 and m-4 receptors in devolopment of myopia: study with muscarinic receptor antagonists and muscarinic toxins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:S3342
- Morgan IG, Ashby RS, Nickla DL. Form deprivation and lens-induced myopia: are they different? Ophthalmic Physiol Optics 2013;33:355–361
- Nickla DL, Totonelly K. Dopamine antagonists and brief vision distinguish lens-induced- and form-deprivation-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res 2011;93:782–785
- Schmid KL, Wildsoet C. Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks. Optometry Vis Sci 2004;81:137–147
- Nickla DL, Schroedl F. Parasympathetic influences on emmetropization in chicks: evidence for different mechanisms in form deprivation versus negative lens-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res 2012;102:93–103
- Schaeffel F, Hagel G, Bartmann M, Kohler K. 6-hydoxy dopamine does not affect lens-induced refractive errors but suppresses deprivation myopia. Vision Res 1994;34:143–149
- Totonelly K, Yusupova Y, Nickla DL. Muscarinic agents and emmetropization in chicks: evidence for separate pathways for form deprivation and lens-induced myopia. 2011; ARVO E-abstract #6319
- Nickla DL, Zhu X, Wallman J. Effects of muscarinic agents on chick choroids in intact eyes and eyecups: evidence for a muscarinic mechanism in choroidal thinning. Ophthalmic Physiol Optics 2013;33:245–256
- Nickla DL, Wildsoet C, Wallman J. Visual influences on diurnal rhythms in ocular length and choroidal thickness in chick eyes. Exp Eye Res 1998;66:163–181
- Nickla DL, Cheng AT. Atropine and apomorphine in emmetropization: evidence for inhibitory interactions on a common growth regulatory pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; ARVO E-abstract #3848
- Nickla D. The middle of the signal cascade in emmetropization: the choroid and the effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, muscarinic antagonists and dopaminergic agonists. Queensland, Australia: 12th International Myopia Conference 2008:24
- McBrien N, Stell W, Carr B. How does atropine exert its anti-myopia effects? Ophthal Physiol Opt 2013;33:373–377
- Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010;29:144–168