A Simple Spontaneous Vitreal Reflux Collecting Procedure During Intravitreal Injection: Set-Up and Validation Studies

References

• Emerson MV, Lauer AK. Emerging therapies for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. BioDrugs 2007;21:245‒257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschini E, Piras A, Nuzzi R, Vercelli A. Age related macular degeneration and drusen: neuroinflammation in the retina. Prog Neurobiol 2011;95:14‒25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Le ML, Koizumi K, Esser C, Janicki H, et al. A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J 2004;18:1450‒1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers JP, Fekrat S. Retinal vein occlusion: beyond the acute event. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;56:281‒299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP. Angiogenic pathways in diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2005;353:839‒841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitry D, Bunce C, Charteris D. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;1:CD009510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Aroca P. Current status in diabetic macular edema treatments. World J Diabetes 2013;4:165‒169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davuluri G, Espina V, Petricoin EF 3rd, Ross M, Deng J, Liotta LA, et al. Activated VEGF receptor shed into the vitreous in eyes with wet AMD: a new class of biomarkers in the vitreous with potential for predicting the treatment timing and monitoring response. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:613‒621.
   Google Scholar
• Virgili G, Parravano M, Menchini F, Brunetti M. Antiangiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor modalities for diabetic macular oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD007419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss MJ, Pfister M, Rothweiler F, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Schubert R, et al. Comparison of cytokine levels from undiluted vitreous of untreated patients with retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol 2012;98‒103.
   Google Scholar
• Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M, Tsukamoto H, Mimura T, Sone T, et al. Pathogenesis of macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion and intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:256‒261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M, Tsukamoto H, Mimura T, Sone T, et al. Aqueous humour levels of cytokines are correlated to vitreous levels and severity of macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:42‒48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfahler SM, Brandford AN, Glaser BM. A prospective study of in-office diagnostic vitreous sampling in patients with vitreoretinal pathology. Retina 2009;29:1032‒1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usman Saeed M, Batra R, Qureshi F, Clark D. Reflux of drug during intra-vitreal anti-VEGF therapies. Semin Ophthalmol 2011;26:357‒360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie FL, Ruggiero J, Ghodasra DH, Hui JZ, VanderBeek BL, Brucker AJ. Volume and composition of reflux after intravitreal injection. Retina 2014;34:1473‒1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberg-White JL, Glazer L, Downer R, Furge K, Boguslawski E, et al. Identification of VEGF-independent cytokines in proliferative diabetic retinopathy vitreous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54:6472‒6480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Sakata K, Noma H, Mimura T, Suzuki M, et al. Vitreous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are related to diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2005;112:806‒816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WJ, Kang MH, Seong M, Cho HY. Comparison of aqueous concentrations of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic macular oedema and macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96:1426‒1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP, Brucker AJ, Chang S, Cunningham ETJr, D’Amico DJ, Flynn HWJr, et al. Evolving guidelines for intravitreous injections. Retina 2004;24: S3‒S19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul N, Funke S, Grus FH. Tears as a source of biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:126‒137.
   Google Scholar
• Noma H, Funatsu H, Mimura T, Tatsugawa M, Shimada K, Eguchi S. Vitreous inflammatory factors and serous macular detachment in branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina. 2012;32:86‒91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funatsu H, Yamashita T, Yamashita H. Vitreous fluid biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2006;42:111‒166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D, Hamdi H, Bahri S, Kenney MC. Characterization of an endogenous metalloproteinase in human vitreous. Curr Eye Res 1994;13:639‒647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebag J. Anatomy and pathology of the vitreo-retinal interface. Eye (Lond) 1992;6:541‒552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CW, Sauter JL, Johnson PK, Chen CD, Olsen TW. Identification and localization of major soluble vitreous proteins in human ocular tissue. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:655‒661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giansanti F, Ramazzotti M, Giuntoli M, Virgili G, Vannozzi L, Degl’Innocenti D, et al. Intravitreal infliximab clearance in a rabbit model: different sampling methods and assay techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:5328‒5335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn JS, Madan A, Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Caldwell RW, Hartnett ME. Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27:331‒371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie FL, Ruggiero J, Ghodasra DH, Eftekhari K, Hui JZ, Brucker AJ, et al. A novel method for the measurement of reflux from intravitreal injections: data from 20 porcine eyes. Curr Eye Res 2014;39:752‒757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar