Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerve fibers are increased in abundance in the choroid of dystrophic RCS rats

References

• Bok D., Hall M. O. The role of the pigment epithelium in the etiology of inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 1971; 49: 664–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling J. E., Sidman R. L. Inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 1962; 14: 73–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVail M. M., Sidman R. L., O'Neil D. Photoreceptor-pigment epithelial cell relationships in rats with inherited retinal degeneration. J. Cell Biol. 1972; 53: 185–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell R. B., Roque R. S., Solomon S. W. increased vascular density and vitreoretinal membranes accompany vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium in the dystrophic rat retina. Curr. Eye Res. 1989; 8: 923–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell R. B. Extracellular matrix alterations precede vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium in dystrophic rats. Curr. Eye Res. 1989; 8: 907–921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber M. L., Mancini M. A., Frank R. N. Retinovitreal neovascularization in the Royal College of Surgeons rat. Curr. Eye Res. 1989; 8: 61–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C, Slapnick S. M., Caldwell R. B. Alterations in lectin binding accompany increased permeability in the dystrophic rat model for proliferative retinopathy. “Inherited and Environmentally Induced Retinal Regenerations”, M. M. La Vail, R. E. Anderson, J. G. Hollyfield. Alan R. Liss, New York 1989; 409–429
   Google Scholar
• Burns M. S., Bellhorn R. W., Korte G. E., Heriot W. J. Plasticity of the retinal vasculature. “Progress in Retinal Research”, N. Osborne, G. Chader. Pergamon Press Ltd., OxfordEngland 1986; 253–308
   Google Scholar
• El-Hifnawi E.-S. Pathomorphology of the retina and its vasculature in hereditary retinal dystrophy in RCS rats. “Advances in the Biosciences”, E. Zrenner, H. Krastel, H. H. Goebel. Pergamon Press, London 1987; 417–434
   Google Scholar
• Roque R., Caldwell R. B. Cytokeratin expression in altered pigment epithelial cells in the dystrophic rat retina. J. Cell Biol. 1989; 109: 239a, Suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C, Caldwell R. B., Reiner A. Choroidal vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity is increased in dystrophic rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1989; 15: 117
   Google Scholar
• McLean I. W., Nakane P. K. Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative: A new fixative for immunoelectron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1974; 22: 1077–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C., Caldwell R. B. Lectin-Ferritin binding on spontaneously diabetic and control rat retinal microvasculature. Curr. Eye Res. 1989; 8: 271–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk R. E. Multiple comparison tests. “Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioural Sciences.”. Brooks/Cole Publishing, Monterey, California 1982; 106–110
   Google Scholar
• Mize R. R., Holdefer R. N., Nabors L B. Quantitative immunocytochemistry using image analyzer. I. Hardware evaluation, image processing, and data analysis. J. Neurosci. Meth. 1988; 26: 1–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson L. A novel immunocytochemical model system for specificity and sensitivity screening of antisera against multiple antigens. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1981; 29: 408–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner A. A VIP-like peptide co-occurs with substance P and enkephalin in cholinergic preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion. Neurosci. Lett. 1987; 78: 22–28
   Google Scholar
• Hogan M. J., Alvarado J. A., Weddell J. E. “The Histology of the Eye”. Saunders, Philadelphia 1971; 320–392
   Google Scholar
• Raviola G. The structural basis of the blood-ocular barriers. Exp. Eye Res. 1977; 25: 27–63, Suppll
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini M. A., Frank R. N., Keirn R. J., Kennedy A., Khoury J. K. Does the retinal pigment epithelium polarize the choriocapillaris. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1986; 27: 336–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell R. B., Fitzgerald M. E. C. The choroidal microvasculature of spontaneously diabetic BB rats: Structure and luminal surface properties. Microvas. Res. 1991; 41: 229–244
   Google Scholar
• Krebs W., Krebs I. “Primate Retina and Choroid. Atlas of Fine Structure in Man and Monkey.”. Springer-Verlag, New York 1991; 1–160
   Google Scholar
• Lever J. D., Spriggs T. L B., Graham J. D. P. A formol-fluorescence, fine structural and autoradiographic study of the adrenergic innervation of the vascular tree in the intact and sympathectomized pancreas of the cat. J. Anat. 1968; 103: 15–34
   Google Scholar
• Iwayama T., Furness J. B., Burnstock G. Dual adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the cerebral arteries of the rat. Circ. Res. 1970; 26: 635–646
   Google Scholar
• Burnstock G. Ultrastructure of the vascular neuroeffector apparatus with special regard to brain vessels. “Neurogenic Control of Brain Circulation”, V. Chan-Palay. Pergamon Press, OxfordEngland 1977; 3–14
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg J. M., Hokfelt T., Schultzberg M., Uvnas-Wallenstein K., Kfihler C., Said S. I. Occurrence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in certain cholinergic neurons of the cat: evidence from combined immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase staining. Neuroscience 1979; 4: 1539–1559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terenghi G., Polak J. M., Probert L., McGregor G. P., Ferri G. L., Blank M. A., Butler J. M., Unger W. G., Zhang S., Cole D. F., Bloom S. R. Mapping, quantitative distribution and origin of substance P and VIP-containing nerves in the uvea of guinea pig eye. Histochemistry 1982; 75: 399–417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fehér E., Burnstock G. Ultrastructural localization of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in perivascular nerve plexuses of the gut. Blood Ves. 1986; 23: 125–136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loesch A., Belai A., Lincoln J., Burnstock G. Enteric nerves in diabetic rats: Electron microscopic evidence for neuropathy of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing fibers. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 1986; 70: 161–168
   Google Scholar
• Gibbins I. L., Morris J. L. Coexistence of immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide in non-noradrenergic axons innervating guinea pig cerebral arteries after sympathectomy. Brain Res. 1988; 444: 402–406
   Google Scholar
• Mione M. C., Cavanagh J. F. R., Lincoln J., Milner P., Burnstock G. Long-term chemical sympathectomy leads to an increase of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in cerebrovascular nerves and iris of the developing rat. Neuroscience 1990; 34: 369–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björklund H., Hokfelt T., Goldstein M., Terenius L., Olson L. Appearance of the noradrenergic markers tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in cholinergic nerved of the iris following sympathectomy. J. Neurosci. 1985; 5: 1633–1643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bill A. The circulation in the eye. “The Microcirculation, Handbook of Physiology”, E. M. Renkin, C. C. Michel. The American Physiological Society, Baltimore, MD 1984; 1001–1035, Section 2, Part 2
   Google Scholar
• Bill A. Some aspects of the ocular circulation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1985; 26: 410–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C, Vana B. A., Reiner A. Evidence for retinal pathology following interruption of neural regulation of choroidal blood flow: Muller cells express GFAP following lesions of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in pigeons. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 9: 583–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C, Vana B. A., Reiner A. Control of choroidal blood flow by the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal: A laser-Doppler study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1990; 31: 2483–2492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C., Reiner A. Lesions of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal deleteriously affect photoreceptors in avian retina. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 15, (Suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C., Reiner A. Light-mediated reflexive control of choroidal blood flow in the pigeon eye. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1990; 16: 1077
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M. E. C., Reiner A. Chronic hypertension is associated with decreased choroidal blood flow and photoreceptor loss in pigeons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 1081, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Hodos W., Fitzgerald M. E. C., Reiner A. Visual acuity losses in pigeons with central lesions that disrupt adaptive regulation of choroidal blood flow. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 774, (Suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Uddman R., Almuets J., Ehinger B., Hakanson R., Loren I., Sundler F. Vasoactive intestinal peptide nerves in ocular and orbital structures of the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1980; 19: 878–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwayama Y., Grimes P. A., Ponte B., Stone R. A. Autonomic neurons supplying the rat eye and the intraorbital distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VlP)-like immunoreactivity. Exp. Eye Res. 1987; 44: 907–922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller A. S., Coster D. J., Costa M., Furness J. B. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the human eye. Aust. J. Ophthalmol. 1983; 11: 185–193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone R. A., Tervo T., Tarkkanen A. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive nerves to the human eye. Acta Ophthalmol. 1986; 64: 12–18
   Google Scholar
• Stjernschantz J., Bill A. Effect of intracranial stimulation of the oculomotor nerve on ocular blood flow in the monkey, cat and rabbit. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1979; 18: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stjernschantz J., Bill A. Vasomotor effects of facial nerve stimulation: non-cholinergic vasodilation in the eye. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1980; 109: 45–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson S. F. E., Bill A. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): Effects in the eye and on regional blood flows. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1984; 121: 385–392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yancey C. M., Linsenmeier R. A. The electroretinogram and choroidal P02 in the cat during elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1988; 29: 700–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand R. D., Giusta N. M., Rapp L M., Anderson R. E. Evidence for rod outer segment lipid peroxidation following constant illumination of the rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1983; 24: 1433–1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao N. A., Fernandez M. A., Cid L. L., Romero J. L., Sevanian A. Retinal lipid peroxidation in experimental uveitis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1987; 105: 1712–1716
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mione M. C., Dhital K. K., Amenta F., Burnstock G. An increase in the expression of neuropeptidergic vasodilator, but not vasoconstrictor, cerebrovascular nerves in aging rats. Brain Res. 1988; 460: 103–113
   Google Scholar
• Hara H., Hamill G. S., Jacobowitz D. M. Origin of cholinergic nerves to the rat major cerebral arteries: coexistence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Brain Res. Bull. 1985; 14: 179–186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avidor R., Eilam R., Malach R., Gozes I. VIP-mRNA is increased in hypertensive rats. Brain Res. 1989; 503: 304–307
   Google Scholar
• Diani A. R., Peterson T., Sawada G. A., Wyse B. M., Blanks M. C., Gerritsen G. C., Terenghi G., Varndell I. M., Polak J. M., Blank M. A., Bloom S. R. Elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic Chinese hamsters. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 302–307
   Google Scholar
• Crowe R., Burnstock G. An increase of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, but not neuropeptide Y-, substance p-, or catecholamine-containing nerves in the iris of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Exp. Eye Res. 1988; 47: 751–759
   Google Scholar
• Belai A., Lincoln J., Milner P., Crowe R., Loesch A., Burnstock G. Enteric nerves in diabetic rats: Increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but not substance p. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 967–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozes I., Brenneman. VIP: Molecular biology and neurobiological function. Molecular Neurobiol. 1989; 3: 201–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar