63
Views
86
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Cytokines and uveitis, a review

, &
Pages 581-597 | Received 02 Mar 1992, Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Trotta P. P. Cytokines: an overview. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1991; 25: 137–141
  • Balkwill F. R., Burke F. The cytokine network. Immunol. Today 1989; 10: 299–304
  • Chandler J. W., Heise E. R., Weiser R. S. Induction of delayed-type sensitivity-like reactions in the eye by the injection of lymphokines. Invest. Ophthalmol. 1973; 12: 400–409
  • Stoner G. L., Brosnan C. F., Wisniewski H. M., Bloom B. R. Studies on demyelination by activated lymphocytes: 1. Effects of a mononuclear cell infiltrate induced by products of activated lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 1977; 118: 2094–2102
  • Lui S. H., Prendergast R. A., Silverstein A. M. The role of lymphokines in immunogenic uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1983; 24: 361–367
  • Beutler B., Cerami A. The biology of cachectin/TNF: a primary mediator of the host response. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 1989; 7: 625–655
  • Fong Y., Lowry S. F. Tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of infection and sepsis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1990; 55: 157–170
  • Femandez-Botran R. Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 2567–2574
  • Kulkarni P. S., Srinivasan B. D. Cachectin: a novel polypeptide induces uveitis in the rabbit eye. Exp. Eye Res. 1988; 46: 631–633
  • Rosenbaum J. T., Howes E. L., Rubin R. M., Samples J. R. Ocular inflammatory effects of intravitreally injected tumor necrosis factor. Am. J. Pathol. 1988; 133: 47–53
  • Fleisher L. N., Ferrell J. B., McGahan M. C. Ocular inflammatory effects of intravitreally injected tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endotoxin. Inflammation 1990; 14: 325–335
  • Fleisher L. N., Ferrell J. B., Smith M. G., McGahan M. C. Lipid mediators of tumour necrosis factor-a-induced uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 2393–2399
  • Brosnan C. F., Litwak M. S., Schroeder C. E., Selmaj K., Raine C. S., Arezzo J. C. Preliminary studies of cytokine-induced functional effects on the visual pathways in the rabbit. J. Neuroimmunol. 1989; 25: 227–239
  • Di Giovine F. S., Duff G. W. Interleukin 1: the first interleukin. Immunol. Today 1990; 11: 13–20
  • Roberge F. G., Caspi R. R., Nussenblatt R. B. Glial retinal Miiller cells produce IL-1 activity and have a dual effect on autoimmune T helper lymphocytes: antigen presentation manifested after removal of suppressive activity. J. Immunol. 1988; 140: 2193–2196
  • Grabner G., Luger T. A., Luger B. M., Smolin G., Oh J. O. Biological properties of the thymocyte-activating factor (CETAF) produced by a corneal cell line (SIRC). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1983; 24: 589–595
  • Shams N. B.K., Sigel M. M., Davis M. Interferon-?, Staphylococcus aureus, and lipopolysaccharide/silica enhance interleukin-1β production by human corneal cells. Reg. Immunol. 1989; 2: 136–148
  • Niederkorn J. Y., Peeler J. S., Mellon J. Phagocytosis of particulate antigens by corneal epithelial cells stimulates interleukin-1 secretion and migration of Langerhans cells into the central cornea. Reg. Immunol. 1989; 2: 387–417
  • Helbig H., Kittredge K. L., Gurley R. C., Thurau S. R., Palestine A. G., Nussenblatt R. B. Endotoxin-induced production of inflammatory mediators by cultured ciliary epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 2: 501–505
  • Rosenbaum J. T., Samples J. R., Hefeneider S. H., Howes E. L. Ocular inflammatory effects of intravitreal interleukin 1. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1987; 105: 1117–1120
  • Rubin R. M., Rosenbaum J. T. A platelet-activating factor antagonist inhibits interleukin 1-induced inflammation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988; 154: 429–436
  • Ferrick M. R., Thurau S. R., Oppenheim M. H., Herbort C. R., Ni M., Zachariae C. O.C., Matsushima K., Chan C. C. Ocular inflammation stimulated by intravitreal interleukin-8 and interleukin-1. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 1534–1539
  • Bhattacherjee P., Henderson B. Inflammatory responses to intraocularly injected interleukin 1. Curr. Eye Res. 1987; 6: 929–934
  • Martiney J. A., Litwak M., Berman J. W., Arezzo J. C., Brosnan C. F. Pathophysiologic effect of interleukin-lb in the rabbit retina. Am. J. Pathol. 1990; 137: 1411–1423
  • Dawson M. M. Interleukin-2. “Lymphokines and Interleukins”, M. M. Dawson. Open University Press, BuckinghamEngland 1991; 106–128
  • Hooks J. J., Chan C. C., Detrick B. Identification of the lymphokines, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2, in inflammatory eye diseases. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1988; 29: 1444–1451
  • Mondino B. J., Sidikaro Y., Mayer F. J., Sumner H. L. Inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of AIDS patients with retinitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1990; 31: 798–804
  • Arocker-Mettinger E., Asenbauer T., Ulbrich S., Grabner G. Serum interleukin 2-receptor levels in uveitis. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 9: 25–29, Suppl
  • Deschenes J., Char H. D., Kaleta S. Activated T lymphocytes in uveitis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1988; 72: 83–87
  • Akira S., Hirano T., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL-1 and TNF). FASEB J. 1990; 4: 2860–2867
  • Hirano T., Akira S., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6. Immunol. Today 1990; 11: 443–449
  • Novick D., Engelmann H., Wallach D., Rubinstein M. Soluble cytokine receptors are present in normal human urine. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 170: 1409–1414
  • Malecaze F., Chollet P., Cavrois E., Vita N., Arné J. L., Ferrara P. Role of interleukin 6 in the inflammatory response after cataract surgery, an experimental and clinical study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1991; 109: 1681–1683
  • Hoekzema R., Murray P. I., Kijlstra A. Cytokines and intraocular inflammation. Curr. Eye. Res. 1990; 9: 207–211, Supply)
  • Hoekzema R., Murray P. I., Van Haren M. A.C., Helle M., Kijlstra A. Analysis of interleukin-6 in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 88–95
  • Hoekzema R., Verhagen K., Van Haren M. A.C., Kijlstra A. Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat: the significance of intraocular interleukin 6. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1992; 33: 532–539
  • Murray P. I., Hoekzema R., Van Haren M. A.C, De Hon F. D., Kijlstra A. Aqueous humor interleukin-6 levels in uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1990; 31: 917–920
  • Van Der Lelij A., Rothova A., De Vries J. P., Vetter J. C.M., Van Haren M. A.C, Stilma J. S., Kijlstra A. Analysis of aqueous humour in ocular onchcerciasis. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 169–176
  • Baggiolini M., Walz A., Kunkel S. L. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 84: 1045–1049
  • Wolpe S. D., Cerami A. Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines. FASEB J. 1989; 3: 2565–2573
  • Elner V. M., Strieter R. M., Elner S. G., Baggiolini M., Lindley I., Kunkel S. L. Neutrophil chemotactic factor (IL-8) gene expression by cytokine-treated retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1990; 136: 745–750
  • Elner V. M., Strieter R. M., Pavilack M. A., Elner S. G., Remick D. G., Danforth J. M., Kunkel S. L. Human corneal interleukin-8: IL-1 and TNF-induced gene expression and secretion. Am. J. Pathol 1991; 139: 977–988
  • Ferrick M. R., Oppenheim M. H., Thurau S. R., Herbort C. R., Zachariae C. O.C., Chan C. C., Matsushima K. Ocular inflammation stimulated by intravitreal injection of interleukin-8. “Ocular Immunology Today”, M. Usui, S. Ohno, K. Aoki. Exerpta Medica, AmsterdamNetherlands 1990; 61–64
  • Dawson M. M. Interferon-γ. “Lymphokines and Interleukins”, M. M. Dawson. Open University Press, BuckinghamEngland 1991; 190–210
  • Hamel C. P., Detrick B., Hooks J. J. Evaluation of la expression in rat ocular tissues following inoculation with interferon-gamma. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 50: 173–182
  • Lee S. F., Pepose J. S. Cellular immune response to la induction by intraocular gamma-interferon. Ophthalmic Res. 1990; 22: 310–317
  • Kusuda M., Gaspari A. A., Chan C. C., Gery I., Katz S. Expression of la antigen by ocular tissues of mice treated with interferon gamma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 764–768
  • Abi-Hanna D., McCluskey P., Wakefield D. HLA antigens in the iris and aqueous humor gamma interferon levels in anterior uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 990–994
  • McAvoy J. W., Chamberlain C. G. Growth factors in the eye. Prog. Growth Factor Res. 1990; 2: 29–43
  • Gospodarowicz D., Neufeld G., Schweigerer L. Fibroblast growth factor. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1986; 46: 187–204
  • Schweigerer L., Ferrara N., Haaparanta T., Neufeld G., Gospodarowicz D. Basic fibroblast growth factor: expression in cultured cells derived from corneal endothelium and lens epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 1988; 46: 71–80
  • Plouet J., Gospodarowicz D. Iris-derived melanocytes contain a growth factor that resembles basic fibroblast growth factor. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 51: 519–529
  • Caruelle D., Groux-Muscatelli B., Gaudric A., Sestier C., Coscas G., Caruelle J. P., Barritault D. Immunological study of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) distribution in the eye. J. Cell. Biochem. 1989; 39: 117–128
  • Baudouin C., Fredj-Reygrobellet D., Caruelle J. P., Barritault D., Gastaud P., Lapalus P. Acidic fibroblast growth factor distribution in normal human eye and possible implications in ocular pathogenesis. Ophthalmic Res. 1990; 22: 73–81
  • Tripathi R. C., Millard C. B., Tripathi B. J., Reddy V. A molecule resembling fibroblast growth factor in aqueous humor. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1988; 106: 230–231
  • Tripathi R. C., Millard C. B., Tripathi B. J. Protein composition of human aqueous humor: SDS-PAGE analysis of surgical and post-mortem samples. Exp. Eye Res. 1989; 48: 117–130
  • Tripathi R. C., Millard C. B., Tripathi B. J., Chailerborisuth N. S., Neely K. A., Ernest J. T. Aqueous humor of cat contains fibroblast growth factor and transferrin similar to those in man. Exp. Eye Res. 1990; 50: 109–112
  • Tripathi R. C., Borisuth S. C., Tripathi B. J. Growth factors in the aqueous humor and their therapeutic implications in glaucoma and anterior segment disorders of the human eye. Drug Dev. Res. 1991; 22: 1–23
  • Folkman J., Klagsbrun M., Sasse J., Wadzinski M., Ingber D., Vlodavsky I. A heparin-binding angiogenic protein–basic fibroblast growth factor–is stored within basement membrane. Am. J. Pathol. 1988; 130: 393–400
  • Hanneken A., De Juan E., Lutty G. A., Fox G. M., Schiffer S., Hjelmeland L. M. Altered distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor in diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1991; 109: 1005–1011
  • Baird A., Culler F., Jones K. L., Guillemin R. Angiogenic factor in human ocular fluid. Lancet 1985; 11: 563
  • Sivalingam A., Kenney J., Brown G. C., Benson W. E., Donoso L. Basic fibroblast growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1990; 108: 869–872
  • Nilsen-Hamilton M. Transforming growth factor-β and its actions on cellular growth and differentiation. “Growth Factors and Development”, Current Topics in Developmental Biology 24, M. Nilsen-Hamilton. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA USA 1990; 95–136
  • Wahl S. M., Cartney-Francis N., Mergenhagen S. E. Inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles of TGF-β. Immunol. Today 1989; 10: 258–261
  • Miller A., Lider O., Roberts A. B., Sporn M. B., Weiner H. L. Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor β after antigen-specific triggering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 421–425
  • Helbig H., Kittredge K. L., Coca-Prados M., Davis J., Palestin A. G., Nussenblatt R. B. Mammalian ciliary-body epithelial cells in culture produce transforming growth factor-beta. Greafe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1991; 229: 84–87
  • Knisely T. L., Bleicher P. A., Vibbard C. A., Granstein R. D. Production of latent transforming growth factor-beta and other inhibitory factors by cultured murine iris and ciliary body cells. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 761–771
  • Jampel H. D., Roche N., Stark W. J., Roberts A. B. Transforming growth factor-β in human aqueous humor. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 2: 963–969
  • Granstein R. D., Staszewski R., Knisely E. Z., Zeira E., Nazareno R., Latina M., Albert D. M. Aqueous humor contains transforming growth factor-β and a small (& lt3500 daltons) inhibitor of thymocyte proliferation. J. Immunol. 1990; 144: 3021–3027
  • Cousins S. W., McCabe M. M., Danielpour D., Streilein J. W. Identification of transforming growth factor-beta as an immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 2201–2211
  • Connor T. B., Roberts A. B., Sporn M. B., Dart L. L., Michels R. G., De Bustros S., Enger C., Kato H., Lansing M., Hayashi H., Glaser B. M. Correlation of fibrosis and transforming growth factor-β type 2 levels in the eye. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 82: 1661–1666
  • Yoshitoshi T., Shichi H. Immunosuppressive factors in porcine vitreous body. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 1141–1149
  • Lutty G., Ikeda K., Chandler C., McLeod D. S. Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β in human photoreceptors. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 61–74
  • Hayashi K., Frangieh G., Wolf G., Kenyon K. R. Expression of transforming growth factor-β in wound healing of vitamin A-deficient rat corneas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 239–247
  • Ferguson T. A., Mahendra S. The role of interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-β in anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 1118, supply
  • Cohen S. Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the newborn animal. J. Biol. Chem. 1962; 237: 1555–1562
  • Burgess A. W. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor a. Br. Med. Bull. 1989; 45: 401–424
  • Lakshmanan J., Perheentupa J., Hoath S. B., Kim H., Gruters A., Odell C., Fisher D. A. Epidermal growth factor in mouse ocular tissue: effects of thyroxine and exogenous epidermal growth factor. Pediatr. Res. 1985; 19: 315–319
  • Tripathi R. C., Borisuth N. S.C., Tripathi B. J., Fang V. S. Analysis of human aqueous humor for epidermal growth factor. Exp. Eye Res. 1991; 53: 407–409
  • Ohashi Y., Motokura M., Kinoshita Y., Mano T., Watanabe H., Kinoshita S., Manabe R., Oshiden K., Yanaihara C. Presence of epidermal growth factor in human tears. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989; 30: 1879–1882
  • Parelman J. J., Nicolson M., Pepose J. S. Epidermal growth factor in human aqueous humor. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1990; 109: 603–604
  • Shinoda I., Tokida N., Kurobe M., Furukawa S., Hayashi K. Demonstration of a considerable amount of mouse epidermal growth factor in aqueous humor. Biochem. Int. 1988; 17: 243–248
  • Zapf J., Schmid C., Froesch E. R. Biological and immunological properties of insuline-like growth factors (IGF) I and II. Clin. Endocrinol. Met. 1984; 13: 3–30
  • Grant M., Russell B., Fitzgerald C., Merimee T. J. Insulin-like growth factors in vitreous: studies in control and diabetic subjects with neovascularization. Diabetes 1986; 35: 416–420
  • Beebe D. C., Feagans D. E., Jebens H. A.H. Lentropin: a factor in vitreous humor which promotes lens fiber cell differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980; 77: 490–493
  • Beebe D. C., Silver M. H., Belcher K. S., Van Wyk J. J., Svoboda M. E., Zelenka P. S. Lentropin, a protein that controles lens fiber formation, is related functionally and immunologically to the insulin-like growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 2327–2330
  • Danias J., Stylianopoulou F. Expression of IGF-I and IGF-II genes in the adult rat eye. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 2: 379–386
  • Hansson H. A., Holmgren A., Norstedt G., Rozell B. Changes in the distribution of insulin-like growth factor I, thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase during the development of the retina. Exp. Eye Res. 1989; 48: 411–420
  • Kim M. K., Chan C. C., Nussenblatt R. B., Palestine A. G. Pharmacologic effects of class II histocompatibility antigen in experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 1987; 45: 70–77
  • Herbort C. P., Okumara A., Mochizuki M. Immunopharmacological analysis of endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat. Exp. Eye Res. 1989; 48: 693–705
  • Lin N., Bazan H. E.P., Braquet P., Bazan N. G. Prolonged effect of a new platelet-activating factor antagonist on vascular permeability in an endotoxin model of uveitis. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 19–24
  • Tilden M. E., Boney R. S., Goldenberg M. M., Rosenbaum J. T. The effect of topical S(+)-ibuprofen on interleukin-1 induced ocular inflammation in a rabbit model. J. Ocul. Pharm. 1990; 6: 131–135
  • Mochizuki M., Nussenblatt R. B., Kuwabara T., Gery I. Effects of cyclosporin and other immunosuppressive drugs on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1985; 26: 226–232
  • Chan C. C., Ni M., Miele L., Cordella-Miele E., Ferrick M., Mukherjee A. B., Nussenblatt R. B. Effects of antiflammins on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1991; 109: 278–281
  • Lightman S. Uveitis: management. Lancet 1991; 338: 1501–1504
  • Kijlstra A., Hoekzema R., Van Der Lelij A., Doekes G., Rothova A. Humoral and cellular immune reactions against retinal antigens in clinical disease. Curr. Eye Res. 1990; 9: 85–89, Supply
  • Herman D. C., Suffredini A. F., Parillo J. E., Palestine A. G. Ocular permeability after systemic administration of endotoxin in humans. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 121–126
  • Dinarello C. A., Thompson R. C. Blocking IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. Immunol. Today 1991; 12: 404–410
  • Rosenbaum J. T., Boney R. S. Activity of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in rabbit models of uveitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991; 32: 1186, Suppl
  • Rosenbaum J. T., Boney R. S. Use of a soluble interleukin-1 receptor to inhibit ocular inflammation. Curr. Eye Res. 1991; 10: 1137–1139
  • Lorberboum-Galski H., FitzGerald D., Chaudhary V., Adhya S., Pastan I. Cytotoxic activity of an interleukin 2-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric protein produced in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 1922–1926
  • Roberge F. G., Lorberboum-Galski H., Hoang P. L., De Smet M., Chan C. C., Fitzgerald D., Pastan I. Selective immunosuppression of activated T cells with the chimeric toxin IL-2-PE40: inhibition of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J. Immunol. 1989; 142: 3498–3502
  • Ogata M., Chaudhary V. K., FitzGerald D. J., Pastan I. Cytotoxic activity of a recombinant fusion protein between interleukin 4 and Pseudomonas exotoxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 4215–4219
  • Siegall C. B., Nordan R. P., FitzGerald D. J., Pastan I. Cell-specific toxicity of a chimeric protein composed of interleukin-6 and Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL-6-PE40) on tumor cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 2443–2447
  • Chaudhary V. K., FitzGerald D. J., Adhaya S., Pastan I. Activity of a recombinant fusion protein between transforming growth factor type a and Pseudomonas toxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 4538–4543
  • Hess A. D., Colombani P. M. Mechanisms of action: in vitro studies. “Ciclosporin”, Prog. Allergy 2S, K. Ishizaka, P. J. Lachmann, P. Kallos, B. H. Waksman. Karger, BaselSwitzerland 1986; 198–221
  • De Vries J., Baarsma G. S., Zaal M. J.W., Boen-Tan T. N., Rothova A., Buitenhuis H. J., Schweitzer C. M.C., De Keizer R. J.W., Kijlstra A. Cyclosporin in the treatment of severe chronic idiopathic uveitis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1990; 74: 344–349
  • Morris R. E. Rapamycin: FK506′s fraternal twin or distant cousin. Immunol. Today 1991; 12: 137–140
  • Kawashima H., Fujino Y., Mochizuki M. Effects of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506, on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1988; 29: 1265–1271
  • Zabel P., Schonharting M. M., Wolter D. T., Schade U. F. Oxpentifylline in endotoxaemia. Lancet 1989; 11: 1474–1477
  • Waage A., Sorensen M., Stordal B. Differential effect of oxpentifylline on tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 production. Lancet 1989; 335: 543

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.