Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Airflow Obstruction

References

• American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senior R, Anthonisen N. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: S139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykewicz M, Ledford D. Recent findings in asthma likely to impact patient care. Comp Ther 1998; 24: 187
   Google Scholar
• O'Byrne P, Postma D. The many faces of airway inflammation. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: S41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer W, Osborne M, Buist A. 20-year trends in the prevalence of asthma and chronic airflow obstruction in an HMO. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock A J. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, J F Murray, J A Nadel. Saunders, Philadelphia 1994; 2739
   Google Scholar
• Anthonisen N. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from multicenter clinical trials. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: S95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisar M, Earis J, Pearson M, Calverley P. Acute bronchodilator trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesten S, Rebuck A. Is the short-term response to inhaled B-adrenergic agonist sensitive or specific for distinguishing between asthma and COPD. Chest 1994; 105: 1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesten S, Chapman K. Physician perceptions and management of COPD. Chest 1993; 104: 254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A, Landau L, Phelan P. Lung function in young adults who had asthma in childhood. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerretsen J, Koeter G, Postma D, Schouten T, Knol K. Prognosis of asthma from childhood to adulthood. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 240: 1325
   Google Scholar
• Panhuysen C, Vonk J, Koeter G, Schouten J, Rv Altena, Bleecker E, Postma D. Adult patients may outgrow their asthma: A 25-year follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B, Boom 1, Traver G, Cline M. The course and prognosis of different forms of chronic airways obstruction in a sample from the general population. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1209
   Google Scholar
• Postma D, Lebowitz M. Persistence and new onset of asthma and chronic bronchitis evaluated longitudinally in a community population sample of adults. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1393
   Google Scholar
• Anthonisen N, Connett J, Kiley J, Altose M, Bailey W, Buist A, Conway W, Enright P, Kanner R, O'Hara P, Scanlon P, Tashkin D, Wise R, The Lung Health Group Study. The effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline in FEV1: the Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner M, Yelin E, Henke I, Shiboske S, Blanc P. Environmental tobacco smoke and adult asthma: The impact of changing exposure on health outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley R, Roche W, Roberts I. Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetta A, Foresi A, Deldonno M. Bronchial responsiveness to distilled water and methacholine and its relationship to inflammation and remodeling of the airways in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanez P, Vignola A, O'Shaugnessy T, Enander I, Li D, Jeffery P, Bousquet J. Corticosteroid reversibility in COPD is related to features of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacoste J, Bousquet J, Chanez P, Van Vyve T, Si-mony-Lafontaine J, Lequeu N, Enander I, Godard P, Michel F. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiadens H, DeBock G, Dekker F, Huysman J, Van Houwelingen J, Springer M, Postma D. Identifying asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with persistent cough presenting to general practitioners: descriptive study. Br Med J 1998; 326: 1286
   Google Scholar
• Burdon J, Pain M, Rubinfeld A, Nana A. Chronic lung disease and the perception of breathlessness: a clinical perspective. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Shcayck C. Diagnosis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1996; 46: 193
   Google Scholar
• McLvor A, Chapman K. Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and differentiation from asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1996; 2: 148
   Google Scholar
• Silverman E, Chapman H, Drazen I, Weiss S, Rosner B, Campbell E, O'Donnell W, Reilly J, Ginns L, Mentzer S, Wain J, Speizer F. Genetic epidemiology of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Risk to relatives for airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronmark E, Lundback B, Jonsson E, Jonsson A, Lindstrom A, Samdstrom T. Incidence of asthma in adults—report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study. Allergy 1997; 52: 1071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litonjua A, Carey V, Burge H, Weiss S, Gold D. Parental history and the risk for childhood asthma: Does the mother confer more risk than father. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 258: 176
   Google Scholar
• Panhuysen C, Bleecker E, Koeter G, Meyers D, Postma D. Characterization of obstructive airway disease in family members of probands with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 257: 1734
   Google Scholar
• Holleman D, Simel D, Goldber J. Diagnosis of obstructive airways disease from the clinical examination. J Gen Intern Med 1993; 8: 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badgett R, Tanaka D, Hunt D, Jelley M, Feinberg L, Steiner J, Petty T. Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone. Am J Med 1993; 94: 187
   Google Scholar
• Badgett R, Tanaka D, Hunt D, Jelley M, Feinberg L, Steiner J, Petty T. The clinical evaluation for diagnosing obstructive airways disease in high-risk patients. Chest 1994; 106: 1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holleman D, Jr, Simel D. Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation. JAMA 1995; 273: 313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira R, Schapira M, Funahashi A, McAuliffe T, Varkey B. The value of forced expiratory time in the physical diagnosis of obstructive airways disease. JAMA 1993; 270: 731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emerman C, Lukens T, Effron D. Effron Physician estimation of FEV1 in acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 1994; 105: 1709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B. Epidemiologic evidence for different types of chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 343: 1452
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education Program, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Asthma. Publication No. 97–4051. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD April, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Jain P, Kavuru M, Emerman C, Ahmad M. Utility of peak expiratory flow monitoring. Chest 1998; 114: 861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan T, Weber R, Tipton W, Nelson H. Comparison of PEFR and FEV1 in patients with varying degrees of airway obstruction. Effect of modest altitude. Chest 1989; 95: 558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F. Pulmonary function testing in the evaluation of upper airway obstruction. Atlas of the Difficult Airway, M Norton. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis 1996; 125–133
   Google Scholar
• Dekker F, Schrier A, Sterk P, Dijkman J. Validity of peak expiratory flow measurement in assessing reversibility of airflow obstruction. Thorax 1992; 47: 162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berube D, Cartier A, L'Archeveque J, Ghezzo H, Malo J. Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 in assessing bronchomotor tone after challenges with occupational sensitizers. Chest 1991; 99: 831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer A, Smolensky M, D'Alonzo G, Harrist R, Scott P. An assessment of peak expiratory flow as a surrogate measurement of FEV1 in stable asthmatic children. Chest 1989; 96: 329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: Selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F. Pulmonary function testing. Pulmonary Disease. Diagnosis and Therapy. A Practical Approach, M Khan, J Lynch, III. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1997; 107–141
   Google Scholar
• Irvin C. Lung volumes. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 19: 325
   Google Scholar
• Linden-Smith J, Morrison D, Hernandez P, Mac-Kenzie M. Overdiagnosis of asthma? A community survey. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 259: A135, Suppl 3
   Google Scholar
• Cauberghs M, Clement J, Van de Woestijne K. Functional alterations accompanying a rapid decline in ventilatory function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 379
   Google Scholar
• Finucane K, Greville H, Brown P. Irreversible airflow obstruction. Evolution in asthma. Med J Aust 1985; 142: 602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudon C, Turcotte H, Laviolette M, Carrier G, Boutlet L. Characteristics of bronchial asthma with incomplete reversibility of airflow obstruction. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 78: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet L, Turcotte H, Hudon C, Carrier G, Maltais F. Clinical, physiological and radiological features of asthma with incomplete reversibility of airflow obstruction compared with those of COPD. Can Respir J 1998; 5: 270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown P, Greville H, Finucane K. Asthma and irreversible airflow obstruction. Thorax 1984; 39: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harf A. How to express the reversibility of bronchial obstruction. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 919
   Google Scholar
• Brand P, Quanjer P, Postma D, Kerstjens H, Koeter G, Dekhuijzen P, Sluiter H. Interpretation of bron-chodilator response in patients with obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1992; 47: 429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson O, DeGraff A. The use of criteria for reversibility and obstruction to define patient groups for bronchodilator trials. Influence of clinical diagnosis, spirometric, and anthropometric variables. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir D, Burge P. Measures of reversibility in response to bronchodilators in chronic airflow obstruction: relation to airway calibre. Thorax 1991; 46: 43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dales R, Spitzer W, Tousignant P, Schechter M, Suissa S. Clinical interpretation of airway response to a bronchodilator. Epidemiologic considerations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstjens H, Brand P, Quanjer P, Bruggen-Bogaarts B, Koeter G, Postma D. Variability of bronchodilator response and effects of inhaled corticosteroid treatment in obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1993; 48: 722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki T, Nakajima H, Kozubu F, Kushihashi T, Adachi M. Evaluation of emphysema in patients with reversible airway obstruction using high-resolution CT. Chest 1997; 112: 1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan C M, Dittus R S, Katz B P. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto K, Kubo K, Yamamoto H, Yamaguchi S, Matsuzawa Y. Eosinophilic inflammation in the airway is related to glucocorticoid reversibility in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Chest 1999; 115: 697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterk P. Bronchoprovocation testing. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 19: 317
   Google Scholar
• Tashkin D, Altose M, Bleecker E, Connett J, Kanner R, Lee O, Wise R, The Lung Health Group Study. The Lung Health Study: Airway hyperresponsive-ness to inhaled methacholine in smokers with mild to moderate airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 245: 301
   Google Scholar
• Tashkin D, Altose M, Connett J, Kanner R, Lee W, Wise R, The Lung Health Group Study. Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 153: 1802
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock A, Anderson S, Peat J, Du Toit J, Zhang Y, Smith C, Salome C. Characteristics of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspon L, Gracely E. A discriminant analysis applied to methacholine bronchoprovocation testing improves classification of patients as normal, asthma, or COPD. Chest 1992; 102: 1419
   Google Scholar
• Arnup M, Mendella L, Anthonisen N. Effects of cold air hyperpnea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 236
   Google Scholar
• Ramsdale E, Hargreave F. Differences in airway responsiveness in asthma and chronic airflow obstruction. Med Clin North Am 1990; 74: 741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirksen A, Madsen F, Engel T, Frolund L, Heining J, Mosbech H. Airway calibre as a confounder in interpreting bronchial responsiveness in asthma. Thorax 1992; 47: 702
   Google Scholar
• Josephs L, Gregg I, Mullee M, Campbell M, Holgate S. A longitudinal study of baseline FEV1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 32
   Google Scholar
• Kanner R. The relationship between airways responsiveness and chronic airflow limitation. Chest 1984; 86: 54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor G, Sparrow D, Segal M, Weiss S. Smoking, atopy, and methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and elderly men. The normative aging study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1520
   Google Scholar
• Cotton D, Soparkar G, Graham B. Diffusing capacity in the clinical assessment of chronic airflow obstruction. Med Clin North Amer 1996; 80: 549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collard P, Njinou B, Nejadnik B, Keyeux A, Frans A. Single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in stable asthma. Chest 1994; 105: 1426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in asthmatic patients with mild airflow limitation. Chest 1988; 94: 332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison N, Abboud R, Ramadan F, Miller R, Gibson N, Evans K, Nelems B, Muller N. Comparison of single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and pressure-volume curves in detecting emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudson R, Kalternborn W, Burrows B. Single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor in different forms of chronic airflow obstruction in a general population sample. Thorax 1990; 45: 524
   Google Scholar
• Klein J, Gamsu G, Webb W, Golden J, Muller N. High-resolution CT diagnosis of emphysema in symptomatic patients with normal chest radiographs and isolated low diffusing capacity. Radiology 1992; 182: 817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelb A, Zamel N, Hogg J, Muller N, Schein M. Pseudophysiologic emphysema resulting from severe small-airways disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein J, Gamsu G, Webb W. High-resolution CT diagnosis of emphysema in symptomatic patients with normal chest radiographs and isolated low diffusing capacity. Radiology 1992; 182: 817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin N K, Lim T K. A 39-year-old smoker with effort dyspnea, normal spirometry results, and low diffusing capacity. Chest 1998; 113: 231
   Google Scholar
• Arakawa H, Webb W R. Air trapping on expiratory high-resolution CT scans in the absence of inspiratory scan abnormalities: correlation with pulmonary function tests and differential diagnosis. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb W R. Radiology of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Trussard V, Seneterre E, Chanez P, Giron J, Godard P, Senac J P, Michel F B, Bousquet J. Chest radiography and high resolution computed tomography of the lungs in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet L P, Turcotte H, Hudon C, Carrier G, Maltais F. Clinical, physiological and radiological features of asthma with incomplete reversibility of airflow obstruction compared with those of COPD. Can Respir J 1998; 5: 270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carr D H, Hibon S, Rubens M, Chung K F. Peripheral airways obstruction on high-resolution computed tomography in chronic severe asthma. Respir Med 1998; 92: 448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier P, Mourey-Gerosa I, Benali K, Brauner M W, Leung A N, Lenoir S, Cordeau M P, Mazoyer B. Abnormalities of the airways and lung parenchyma in asthmatics: CT observations in 50 patients and inter- and intraobserver variability. Eur Radiol 1996; 6: 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C S, Muller N L, Worthy S A, Kim J S, Awadh N, Fitzgerald M. Airway obstruction in asthmatic and healthy individuals: inspiratory and expiratory thin-section CT findings. Radiology 1997; 203: 361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J W, Hong Y K, Kim C W, Kim D K, Choe K O, Hong C S. High-resolution computed tomography in patients with bronchial asthma: correlation with clinical features, pulmonary functions and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Invest Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 7: 186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awadh N, Muller N L, Park C S, Abboud R T, Fitz-Gerald J M. Airway wall thickness in patients with near fatal asthma and control groups: assessment with high resolution computed tomographic scanning. Thorax 1998; 53: 248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch D A, Newell J D, Tschomper B A, Cink T M, Newman L S, Bethel R. Uncomplicated asthma in adults: comparison of CT appearance of the lungs in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Radiology 1993; 188: 829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Seneterre E, Chanez P, Daures J P, Bruel J M, Michel F B, Bousquet J. Computed tomography of the lungs in asthma: influence of disease severity and etiology. Amer J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernacki W, Redpath A T, Best J J, MacNee W. Measurement of CT lung density in patients with chronic asthma [see comments]. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella M, Müller NL, Staples C, Vedal S, Chan-Yeung M. Hyperinflation in asthma and emphysema. Assessment by pulmonary function testing and computed tomography. Chest 1988; 94: 286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin J G, McNitt-Gray M F, Sorenson S M, Johnson T D, Dauphinee B, Kleerup E C, Tashkin D P, Aberle D R. Airway hyperreactivity: assessment with helical thin-section CT. Radiology 1998; 208: 321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee S T, Fahy J V, Chen D R, Gamsu G. High-resolution computed tomography of airway changes after induced bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation in asthmatic volunteers. Acad Radiol 1996; 3: 389
   Google Scholar
• Okazawa M, Muller N, McNamara A E, Child S, Verburgt L, Pare P D. Human airway narrowing measured using high resolution computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takasugi J, Godwin J. Radiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Radiol Clin N Am 1998; 36: 29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartman T E, Tazelaar H D, Swensen S J, Muller N L. Cigarette smoking: CT and pathologic findings of associated pulmonary diseases. Radiographics 1997; 17: 377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt P C. Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema. Invest Radiol 1987; 22: 927
   Google Scholar
• Thurlbeck W M, Simon G. Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema. Am J Roentgenol 1978; 230: 429
   Google Scholar
• Reich S B, Weinshelbaum A, Yee J. Correlation of radiographic measurements and pulmonary function tests in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Roentgenol 1985; 144: 695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurlbeck W M, Müller NL. Emphysema: definition, imaging, and quantification. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163: 1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicklaus T M, Stowell D W, Christiansen W R, Renzetti AD, Jr. The accuracy of the roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1966; 93: 889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller R R, Müller NL, Vedal S, Morrison N J, Staples C A. Limitations of computed tomography in the assessment of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 239: 980
   Google Scholar
• Bergin C, Muller N, Nichols D M, Lillington G, Hogg J C, Mullen B, Grymaloski M R, Osborne S, Pare P D. The diagnosis of emphysema. A computed tomographic-pathologic correlation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller N L, Staples C A, Miller R R, Abboud R T. “Density mask”. An objective method to quantitate emphysema using computed tomography. Chest 1988; 94: 782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevenois P A, De Vuyst P, Sy M, Scillia P, Chaminade L, De Maertelaer V, Zanen J, Yernault J C. Pulmonary emphysema: quantitative CT during expiration. Radiology 1996; 199: 825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevenois P A, Yernault J C. Can computed tomography quantify pulmonary emphysema. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 843
   Google Scholar
• Kuwano K, Matsuba K, Ikeda T, Murakami J, Araki A, Nishitani H, Ishida T, Yasumoto K, Shigematsu N. The diagnosis of mild emphysema. Correlation of computed tomography and pathology scores. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller NL, Thurlbeck W M. Thin-section CT, emphysema, air trapping, and airway obstruction [editorial; comment]. Radiology 1996; 199: 621
   Google Scholar
• Morrison N J, Abboud R, Ramadan F, Miller R, Gibson N, Evans K, Nelems B, Müller N. Comparison of single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and pressure-volume curves in detecting emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison N J, Abboud R T, Müller NL, Miller R R, Gibson N N, Nelems B, Evans K G. Pulmonary capillary blood volume in emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelb A, Schein M, Kuei J, Tashkin D, Muller N, Hogg J, Epstein J, Zamel N. Limited contribution of emphysema in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 247: 1157
   Google Scholar
• Gelb A F, Hogg J C, Muller N L, Schein M J, Kuei J, Tashkin D P, Epstein J D, Kollin J, Green R H, Zamel N, Elliott W M, Hadjiaghai L. Contribution of emphysema and small airways in COPD. Chest 1996; 109: 353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eda S, Kubo K, Fujimoto K, Matsuzawa Y, Sekiguchi M, Sakai F. The relations between expiratory chest CT using helical CT and pulmonary function tests in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraguchi M, Shimura S, Hida W, Shirato K. Pulmonary function and regional distribution of emphysema as determined by high-resolution computed tomography. Respiration 1998; 65: 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazerooni E, Martinez F, Quint L, Whyte R. Quantitative helical CT indices of emphysema as predictors of outcome after lung volume reduction surgery. Radiology 1998; 201(P)298
   Google Scholar
• Kazerooni E A, Whyte R I, Flint A, Martinez F J. Imaging of emphysema and lung volume reduction surgery. Radiographics 1997; 17: 1023
   Google Scholar
• Kauczor H U, Heussel C P, Fischer B, Klamm R, Mildenberger P, Thelen M. Assessment of lung volumes using helical CT at inspiration and expiration: comparison with pulmonary function tests. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 272: 1091
   Google Scholar
• Skorodin M. Pharmacotherapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current thinking, practices, and controversies. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 814
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones P, Bosh T. Quality of life in COPD patients treated with salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd G, Morice A, Pounsfod J, Siebert M, Peslis N, Crawford C. An evaluation of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verberne A, Fuller R. An overview of nine clinical trials of salmeterol in an asthmatic population. Respir. Med 1998; 92: 777
   Google Scholar
• Vermetten F, Boermans A, Luiten W, Mulder P, Vermue N. Comparison of salmeterol with becla-methasone in adult patients with mild persistent asthma who are already on low-dose inhaled steroids. J Asthma 1999; 36: 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes P. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. New Engl J Med 1995; 332: 868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Grunsven P, Van Schayck C, Derenne J, Kerstjens H, Renkema T, Postma D, Similowski T, Akkermans R, Pasker-de Jong P, Dekhuijzen P, Van Herwaarden C, Van Weel C. Long term effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Thorax 1998; 54: 7
   Google Scholar
• Albert R, Martine R, Lewis S. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson W, Nielson C, Carvalho P, Charan N, Crowley J. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burge P. EUROSCOP, ISOLDE and the Copenhagen City Lung Study. Thorax 1999; 54: 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley P, Burge P, Jones P, Anderson J, Maslen T. Effect of 3 years treatment with fluticasone propionate in patients with moderately-severe COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 259: A524, Suppl 3
   Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Anie K, Burge P, Calverley P, Jones P. Rate of health status decline is reduced in COPD patients treated with fluticasone compared to placebo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: A522, Suppl 3
   Google Scholar
• Paggiaro P, Dahle R, Bakran I, Frith L, Hollingworth K, Efthimiou J. International COPD Study Group: Multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 1998; 351: 773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society American Thoracic. Pulmonary rehabilitation—1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1666
   Google Scholar
• Deslauriers J. Surgical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 873
   Google Scholar
• Martinez F. Surgical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Conventional bullectomy and lung volume reduction surgery in the absence of giant bullae. Sem Respir Crit Care Med, in press
   Google Scholar
• Cooper J D, Trulock E P, Triantafillou A N, Patterson G A, Pohl M S, Deloney P A, Sundaresan R S, Roper C L. Bilateral pneumectomy (volume reduction) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 209: 106
   Google Scholar
• Benditt J O, Lewis S, Wood D E, Klima L, Albert R K. Lung volume reduction surgery improves maximal 02 consumption, maximal minute ventilation, 02 pulse, and dead space-to-tidal volume ratio during leg cycle ergometry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utz J, Hubmayr R, Deschamps C. Lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema: Out on a limb without a NETT. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciurba F. Early and long-term functional outcomes following lung volume reduction surgery. Clin Chest Med 1997; 18: 259
   Google Scholar
• Lefrak S, Yusen R, Trulock E, Pohl M, Patterson A, Cooper J. Recent advances in surgery for emphysema. Ann Rev Med 1997; 48: 387
   Google Scholar
• Ingenito E, Evans R, Loring S, Kaczka D, Roden-house J, Body S, Sugarbaker D, Mentzer S, DeCamp M, Reilly J, Jr. Relation between preoperative inspiratory lung resistance and the outcome of lung-volume-reduction surgery for emphysema. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slone R, Pilgram T, Gierada D, Sagel S, Glazer H, Yusen R, Cooper J. Lung volume reduction surgery: Comparison of preoperative radiologic features and clinical outcome. Radiology 1997; 204: 685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierada D, Slone R, Bae K, Yusen R, Lefrak S, Cooper J. Pulmonary emphysema: Comparison of preoperative quantitative CT and physiologic index values with clinical outcome after lung-volume reduction surgery. Radiology 1997; 205: 235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weder W, Thurnheer R, Stammberger U, Burge M, Russi E, Bloch K. Radiologic emphysema morphology is associated with outcome after surgical lung volume reduction. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisser W, Klepetko W, Kontrus M, Bankier A, Sen-baklavaci O, Kaider A, Wanke T, Tschernko E, Wolner E. Morphologic grading of the emphysematous lung and its relation to improvement after lung volume reduction surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F. Diagnosing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The importance of differentiating asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Post-grad Med 1998; 103: 112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar