Are Neighborhood-Level Characteristics Associated with Indoor Allergens in the Household?

References

• Kawachi I, Berkman L.F. Neighborhoods and Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Caughy MO, Nettles SM, O’Campo PJ, Lohrfink KF. Neighborhood matters: Racial socialization of African American children. Child Dev 2006; 77:1220–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy MO, Nettles SM, O’Campo PJ. The effect of residential neighborhood on child behavior problems in first grade. Am J Community Psychol 2008; 42:39–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar B, Cerda M, Buka S, Roberts A. Effects of neighborhood resources on aggression and delinquent behaviors among urban youths. American Journal of Public Health 2008; 98:1086–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinbami L. The State of Childhood Asthma, United States, 1980–2005. Atlanta, GA: CDC – Office of Analysis and Epidemiology; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• NCHS C-. CDC – NCHS – Fast Facts: Asthma (adult morbidity). In: Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2005, Tables 3 and 4, Appendix III, Table V: CDC; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• NCHS C-. CDC – NCHS – Fast Facts: Asthma (child morbidity). In: Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health Interview Survey, 2006, Table 1, Appendix III, Table IV: CDC; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Wright RJ, Mitchell H, Visness CM, Cohen S, Stout J, Evans R, Gold DR. Community violence and asthma morbidity: The Inner-City Asthma Study. Am J Public Health 2004; 94:625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey J, Sternfeld I, Tager I. The association between childhood asthma and community violence, Los Angeles County, 2000. Public Health Rep 2006; 121:720–728.
   Google Scholar
• Oyana TJ, Rogerson P, Lwebuga-Mukasa JS. Geographic clustering of adult asthma hospitalization and residential exposure to pollution at a United States-Canada border crossing. Am J Public Health 2004; 94:1250–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich J, Gehring U, Cyrys J, Brauer M, Hoek G, Fischer P, Bellander T, Brunekreef B. Exposure to traffic related air pollutants: Self reported traffic intensity versus GIS modelled exposure. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62:517–523.
   Google Scholar
• Brauer M, Hoek G, Smit HA, de Jongste JC, Gerritsen J, Postma DS, Kerkhof M, Brunekreef B. Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:879–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng YY, Wilhelm M, Rull RP, English P, Ritz B. Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near residences and poorly controlled asthma in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98:455–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEntee JC, Ogneva-Himmelberger Y. Diesel particulate matter, lung cancer, and asthma incidences along major traffic corridors in MA, USA: A GIS analysis. Health Place 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Cagney KA, Browning CR. Exploring neighborhood-level variation in asthma and other respiratory diseases: The contribution of neighborhood social context. J Gen Intern Med 2004; 19:229–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corburn J, Osleeb J, Porter M. Urban asthma and the neighbourhood environment in New York City. Health Place 2006; 12:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman DN, Zierler S, Meersman S, Kim HK, Viner-Brown SI, Caron C. Race disparities in childhood asthma: Does where you live matter? J Natl Med Assoc 2006; 98:239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright RJ, Subramanian SV. Advancing a multilevel framework for epidemiologic research on asthma disparities. Chest 2007; 132(5 suppl):757S-769S.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta RS, Zhang X, Sharp LK, Shannon JJ, Weiss KB. Geographic variability in childhood asthma prevalence in Chicago. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Laditka JN, Laditka SB. Race, ethnicity and hospitalization for six chronic ambulatory care sensitive conditions in the USA. Ethn Health 2006; 11:247–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Race, socioeconomic factors, and area of residence are associated with asthma prevalence. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; 28:394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanphear BP, Kahn RS, Berger O, Auinger P, Bortnick SM, Nahhas RW. Contribution of residential exposures to asthma in us children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2001; 107:E98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri N. Interventions to improve children's health by improving the housing environment. Rev Environ Health 2004; 19:197–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruchalla RS, Pongracic J, Plaut M, Evans R, 3rd, Visness CM, Walter M, Crain EF, Kattan M, Morgan WJ, Steinbach S, Stout J, Malindzak G, Smartt E, Mitchell H. Inner City Asthma Study: Relationships among sensitivity, allergen exposure, and asthma morbidity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:478–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola N, Ruotsalainen R, Jaakkola JJ. What are the determinants of children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home? Scand J Soc Med 1994; 22:107–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malveaux FJ, Fletcher-Vincent SA. Environmental risk factors of childhood asthma in urban centers. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103 (suppl 6):59–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Platt-Mills TA, Sporik RB, Chapman MD, Heymann PW. The role of indoor allergens in asthma. Allergy 1995; 50(22 suppl):5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Sarpong SB, Hamilton RG, Eggleston PA, Adkinson NF, Jr. Socioeconomic status and race as risk factors for cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97:1393–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstreich DL, Eggleston P, Kattan M, Baker D, Slavin RG, Gergen P, Gergen P, Mitchell H, McNiff-Mortimer K, Lynn H, Ownby D, Malveaux F. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1356–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CY, Tien YC, Hsieh HJ, Kao WY, Lin MC. Indoor environmental risk factors and childhood asthma: A case-control study in a subtropical area. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998; 26:120–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggleston PA, Buckley TJ, Breysse PN, Wills-Karp M, Kleeberger SR, Jaakkola JJ. The environment and asthma in U.S. inner cities. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107 (suppl 3):439–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gergen PJ, Mortimer KM, Eggleston PA, Rosenstreich D, Mitchell H, Ownby D, Kattan M, Baker D, Wright EC, Slavin R, Malveaux F. Results of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) environmental intervention to reduce cockroach allergen exposure in inner-city homes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(3 Pt 1):501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipatanakul W, Eggleston PA, Wright EC, Wood RA. Mouse allergen. II. The relationship of mouse allergen exposure to mouse sensitization and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:1075–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauh VA, Chew GR, Garfinkel RS. Deteriorated housing contributes to high cockroach allergen levels in inner-city households. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 (suppl 2):323–327.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vojta PJ, Friedman W, Marker DA, Clickner R, Rogers JW, Viet SM, Muilenberg ML, Thorne PS, Arbes SJ Jr., Zeldin DC. First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing: Survey design and methods for the allergen and endotoxin components. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:527–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbes SJ, Jr., Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Burge HA, Friedman W, Zeldin DC. House dust mite allergen in US beds: Results from the First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:408–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbes SJ, Jr., Sever M, Archer J, Long EH, Gore JC, Schal C, Schal C, Walter M, Nuebler B, Vaughn B, Mitchell H, Liu E, Collette N, Adler P, Sandel M, Zeldin DC. Abatement of cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) in low-income, urban housing: A randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:339–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chew GL, Perzanowski MS, Miller RL, Correa JC, Hoepner LA, Jusino CM, Becker MG, Kinney PL. Distribution and determinants of mouse allergen exposure in low-income New York City apartments. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:1348–1351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Findley S, Lawler K, Bindra M, Maggio L, Penachio MM, Maylahn C. Elevated asthma and indoor environmental exposures among Puerto Rican children of East Harlem. J Asthma 2003; 40:557–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbes SJ, Jr., Cohn RD, Yin M, Muilenberg ML, Friedman W, Zeldin DC. Dog allergen (Can f 1) and cat allergen (Fel d 1) in US homes: Results from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes HP, Brugge D, Osgood ND, Snell J, Vallarino J, Spengler J. Investigations into the indoor environment and respiratory health in Boston public housing. Rev Environ Health 2004; 19(3–4):271–289.
   Google Scholar
• Berghout J, Miller JD, Mazerolle R, O’Neill L, Wakelin C, Mackinnon B, Maybee K, Augustine D, Levi CA, Levi C, Levi T, Milliea B. Indoor environmental quality in homes of asthmatic children on the Elsipogtog Reserve (NB), Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health 2005; 64:77–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold DR, Wright R. Population disparities in asthma. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26:89–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd RS, Joad JP. Urban asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2006; 12:68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn RD, Arbes SJ Jr., Jaramillo R, Reid LH, Zeldin DC. National prevalence and exposure risk for cockroach allergen in U.S. households. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:522–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warman K, Silver EJ, Wood PR. Asthma risk factor assessment: What are the needs of inner-city families? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97(1 suppl 1):S11–15.
   Google Scholar
• Liu AH. Hygiene theory and allergy and asthma prevention. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2007; 21 (suppl 3):2–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Call R, Smith TF, Morris E, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. Risk factors for asthma in inner city children. J Pediatr 1992; 121:862–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelber L, Seltzer LH, Bouzoukis JK, Pollart SM, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147(573–578.).
   Google Scholar
• Arruda L, Vailes LD, Ferriani VPL, Santos ABR, Pomes A, Chapman MD. Cockroach allergens and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107:419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TePas E, Litonjua AA, Celedon JC, Sredl D, Gold DR. Sensitization to Aeroallergens and Airway Hyperresponsiveness at 7 Years of Age. Chest 2006; 129:1500–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erwin E, Wickens K, Custis NJ, Siebers R, Woodfolk J, Barry D, Crane J, Platts-Mills TAE. Cat and dust mite sensitivity and tolerance in relation to wheezing among chidlren raised with high exposure to both allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:74–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleston P, Rosenstreich D, Lynn H, Gergen P, Baker D, Kaltan M, Mortimer KM, Mitchell H, Ownby D, Slavin R, Malveaux F. Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner city children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 97(1393–1401.).
   Google Scholar
• Huss K, Adkinson NK, Eggleston PA, Dawson C, Van Natta ML, Hamilton RG. House dust mite and cockroach exposure are strong risk factors for positive allergy skin test responses in the Childhood Asthma Management program. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107:48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prewitt E. Inner-City Health Care. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:.
   Google Scholar
• Karpati A, Kerker B, Mostashari F, Singh T, Hajat A, Thorpe L, Bassett M, Henning K, Frieden T. Health Disparities in New York City. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Chew GL, Carlton EJ, Kass D, Hernandez M, Clarke B, Tiven J, Garfinkel R, Nagle S, Evans D. Determinants of cockroach and mouse exposure and associations with asthma in families and elderly individuals living in New York City public housing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:502–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diette GB, Hansel NN, Buckley TJ, Curtin-Brosnan J, Eggleston PA, Matsui EC, McCormack MC, Williams DL, Breysse PN. Home indoor pollutant exposures among inner-city children with and without asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1665–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters JL, Levy JI, Rogers CA, Burge HA, Spengler JD. Determinants of allergen concentrations in apartments of asthmatic children living in public housing. J Urban Health 2007; 84:185–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg J, McConnell R, Milam J, Galvan J, Kotlerman J, Thorne P, Jones C, Ferdman R, Eggleston P, Rand C, Lewis MA, Peters J, Richardson J. Rodent allergen in Los Angeles inner city homes of children with asthma. J Urban Health 2008; 85:52–61.
   Google Scholar
• Peters JL, Muilenberg ML, Rogers CA, Burge HA, Spengler JD. Alternaria measures in inner-city, low-income housing by immunoassay and culture-based analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:364–369.
   Google Scholar
• Wang C, Abou El-Nour MM, Bennett GW. Survey of Pest Infestation, Asthma, and Allergy in Low-income Housing. J Commun Health 2008; 33:31–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg R KA, Leighton J, Perrin M, Shah M. Asthma Facts, Second Edition. In. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Babin SM, Burkom HS, Holtry RS, Tabernero NR, Stokes LD, Davies-Cole JO, DeHaan K, Lee DH. Pediatric patient asthma-related emergency department visits and admissions in Washington, DC, from 2001–2004, and associations with air quality, socio-economic status and age group. Environ Health 2007; 6:9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham-Bermann SA, Seng J. Violence exposure and traumatic stress symptoms as additional predictors of health problems in high-risk children. J Pediatr 2005; 146:349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright RJ. Health effects of socially toxic neighborhoods: The violence and urban asthma paradigm. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:413–421, v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clougherty JE, Levy JI, Kubzansky LD, Ryan PB, Suglia SF, Canner MJ, Wright RJ. Synergistic effects of traffic-related air pollution and exposure to violence on urban asthma etiology. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1140–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OASIS-NYC. OASIS, New York City Open Accessible Space Information System Cooperative. In. New York City: OASIS, Center for Urban Research The Graduate Center/CUNY 365 Fifth Ave., Room 6202 New York, NY 10016 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Rundle A. Children Living in Areas with More Trees have Lower Asthma Prevalence. In; 2008. p. The Built Environment and Health Project.
   Google Scholar
• Kinney PL, Aggarwal M, Northridge ME, Janssen NA, Shepard P. Airborne concentrations of PM(2.5) and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem sidewalks: A community-based pilot study. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:213–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolai T, Carr D, Weiland SK, Duhme H, von Ehrenstein O, Wagner C, von Mutius E. Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:956–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmirou D, Gauvin S, Pin I, Momas I, Sahraoui F, Just J, Le Moullec Y, Bremont F, Cassadou S, Reungoat P, Albertini M, Lauvergne N, Chiron M, Labbe A. Traffic related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: Results of the Vesta case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter LK, Clougherty JE, Laden F, Levy JI. Predictors of concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and particle constituents inside of lower socioeconomic status urban homes. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2007; 17:433–444.
   Google Scholar
• Meng YY, Wilhelm M, Rull RP, English P, Nathan S, Ritz B. Are frequent asthma symptoms among low-income individuals related to heavy traffic near homes, vulnerabilities, or both? Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:343–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring U, Cyrys J, Sedlmeir G, Brunekreef B, Bellander T, Fischer P, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordian ME, Haneuse S, Wakefield J. An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2006; 16:49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Maantay J. Asthma and air pollution in the Bronx: Methodological and data considerations in using GIS for environmental justice and health research. Health Place 2007; 13:32–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clougherty J, Wright RJ, Baxter L, Levy JI. Land use regression modeling of intra-urban residential variability in multiple traffic-related air pollutants. Environ Health 2008; 7(17).
   Google Scholar
• NYCDMHH NYCDoMHaH. Health Department Details Actions in Response to its Investigation of Greenwich Village KFC/Taco Bell Rodent Infestation. In. New York City; 2007. p. Press Release.
   Google Scholar
• Carter-Pokras OD, Gergen PJ. Reported asthma among Puerto Rican, Mexican-American, and Cuban children, 1982 through 1984. Am J Public Health 1993; 83:580–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crain EF, Weiss KB, Bijur PE, Hersh M, Westbrook L, Stein RE. An estimate of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing among inner-city children. Pediatrics 1994; 94:356–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett WS, Belanger K, Gent JF, Holford TR, Leaderer BP. Asthma among Puerto Rican Hispanics: A multi-ethnic comparison study of risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154(4 Pt 1):894–899.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lara M, Morgenstern H, Duan N, Brook RH. Elevated asthma morbidity in Puerto Rican children: A review of possible risk and prognostic factors. West J Med 1999; 170:75–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homa DM, Mannino DM, Lara M. Asthma mortality in U.S. Hispanics of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban heritage, 1990–1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(2 Pt 1):504–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz T, Sturm T, Matte T, Bindra M, Lawler K, Findley S, Maylahn C. Medication use among children with asthma in East Harlem. Pediatrics 2000; 105:1188–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledogar RJ, Penchaszadeh A, Garden CC, Iglesias G. Asthma and Latino cultures: Different prevalence reported among groups sharing the same environment. Am J Public Health 2000; 90:929–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry S, Burchard EG, Borrell LN, Tang H, Gomez I, Naqvi M, Nazario S, Torres A, Casal J, Martinez-Cruzado JC, Ziv E, Avila PC, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Risch NJ. Ancestry-environment interactions and asthma risk among Puerto Ricans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1088–1093.
   Google Scholar
• Rose D, Mannino DM, Leaderer BP. Asthma prevalence among US adults, 1998–2000: Role of Puerto Rican ethnicity and behavioral and geographic factors. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:880–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter-Pokras O, Zambrana RE, Poppell CF, Logie LA, Guerrero-Preston R. The environmental health of Latino children. J Pediatr Health Care 2007; 21:307–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acosta LM, Acevedo-Garcia D, Perzanowski MS, Mellins R, Rosenfeld L, Cortes D, Gelman A, Fagan JK, Bracero LA, Correa JC, Reardon AM, Chew GL. The New York City Puerto Rican asthma project: Study design, methods, and baseline results. J Asthma 2008; 45:51– 57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew GL, Perzanowski MS, Canfield SM, Goldstein IF, Mellins RB, Hoepner LA, Ashby-Thompson M, Jacobson JS. Cockroach allergen levels and associations with cockroach-specific IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:240–245.
   Google Scholar
• NYCDCP NYCDoCP. Community District Profiles. In. New York City; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Krieger N WP, Chen JT, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV. Geocoding and monitoring US socioeconomic inequalities in health: An introduction to using area-based socioeconomic measures – The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project monograph. In. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong A, Been V, Bhalla CK, Ellen IG, Ferraro CA, Greene SJ, Schuetz SJ, Voicur I. State of New York City's Housing and Neighborhoods 2006. New York: The Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• NYMTC NYMTC. Congestion Management System, 2005 Status Report. New York City: NYMTC; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• ESRI. ArcGIS 9.2. In. Redlands, CA: ESRI; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• NYCDOB NYC, Department of Buildings. Property Profile Overview, Building Information System. In. New York; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Buildings NYCDo. New York City Department of Buildings, Buildings Information System: Environmental Control Board Violations. In. New York; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute I. SAS 9.1. In. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2002–2003.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute I. JMP7.0. In. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Levy JI, Baxter LK, Clougherty JE. The air quality impacts of road closures associated with the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston. Environ Health 2006; 5:16.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson EL, Ownby DR, Johnson CC. The relationship of housing and household characteristics to the indoor concentrations of Der f 1, Der p 1, and Fel d 1 measured in dust and air samples. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90:564–571.
   Google Scholar
• Bradman A, Chevrier J, Tager I, Lipsett M, Sedgwick J, Macher J, Vargas AB, Cabrera EB, Camacho JM, Weldon R, Kogut K, Jewell NP, Eskenazi B. Association of housing disrepair indicators with cockroach and rodent infestations in a cohort of pregnant Latina women and their children. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:1795–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn RD, Arbes SJ, Jr., Yin M, Jaramillo R, Zeldin DC. National prevalence and exposure risk for mouse allergen in US households. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:1167–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHLBI N, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Managment of Asthma, National Asthma Education and Preventon Program, Expert Panel Report 3. 2007 (Summary Report 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Boynton-Jarrett R, Ryan LM, Berkman LF, Wright RJ. Cumulative violence exposure and self-rated health: Longitudinal study of adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 2008; 122:961–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark C, Ryan L, Kawachi I, Canner MJ, Berkman L, Wright RJ. Witnessing community violence in residential neighborhoods: A mental health hazard for urban women. J Urban Health 2008; 85:22–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corburn J. Environmental justice, local knowledge, and risk: The discourse of a community-based cumulative exposure assessment. Environ Manage 2002; 29:451–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corburn J. Confronting the challenges in reconnecting urban planning and public health. Am J Public Health 2004; 94:541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhang L, Bhatia R, Scully CC, Corburn J, Gaydos M, Malekafzali S. Creating tools for healthy development: Case study of San Francisco's Eastern Neighborhoods Community Health Impact Assessment. J Public Health Manag Pract 2008; 14:255–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia R, Wernham A. Integrating human health into environmental impact assessment: An unrealized opportunity for environmental health and justice. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116:991–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannenberg AL, Bhatia R, Cole BL, Heaton SK, Feldman JD, Rutt CD. Use of health impact assessment in the U.S.: 27 case studies, 1999–2007. Am J Prev Med 2008; 34:241–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wier M, Weintraub J, Humphreys EH, Seto E, Bhatia R. An area-level model of vehicle-pedestrian injury collisions with implications for land use and transportation planning. Accid Anal Prev 2009; 41:137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, Subramanian SV. Future directions in residential segregation and health research: A multilevel approach. Am J Public Health 2003; 93:215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel CP. Assessing exposure to air toxics relative to asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 (suppl 4):527–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman AS, Jacko RB, Palmer GM. Development of an empirical model to estimate real-world fine particulate matter emission factors: The traffic air quality model. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2006; 56:1540–1549.
   Google Scholar
• Ozkaynak H, Palma T, Touma JS, Thurman J. Modeling population exposures to outdoor sources of hazardous air pollutants. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008; 18:45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenlund M, Forastiere F, Stafoggia M, Porta D, Perucci M, Ranzi A, Nussio F, Perucci CA. Comparison of regression models with land-use and emissions data to predict the spatial distribution of traffic-related air pollution in Rome. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008; 18:192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York City DoHPaD. HPD Online, HPD Online Glossary. In. New York City; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott P, Wartenberg D. Spatial Epidemiology: Current Approaches and Future Challenges. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:998–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady JE, Weitzman BC. Inconsistencies in place definition: How different operational place definitions affect estimates of adolescent smoking and drinking risk. Health Place 2007; 13:562–568.
   Google Scholar
• Fleischman AR, Barondess JA. Urban health: A look out our windows. Acad Med 2004; 79:1130–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahov D, Gibble E, Freudenberg N, Galea S. Cities and health: History, approaches, and key questions. Acad Med 2004; 79:1133–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea S, Vlahov D. Urban health: Evidence, challenges, and directions. Annu Rev Pub Health 2005; 26:341–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar