558
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Occupational Asthma

Swimming facilities and work-related asthma

, MD, FACE, FACPM, , PhD, , MS, , MPH, , MSEHS, CIH, , MD, MPH, , PhD, MPH, , MS & , PhD, MPH show all
Pages 52-58 | Received 02 Jun 2014, Accepted 26 Jul 2014, Published online: 26 Aug 2014

References

  • Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. The chlorine hypothesis: fact or fiction? Occup Environ Med 2007;64:6–7
  • Kohlhammer Y, Heinrich J. Chlorine, chlorination by-products and their allergic and respiratory health effects. Curr Resp Med Rev 2007;3:39–47
  • Nemery B, Hoet PHM, Nowak D. Indoor swimming pools, water chlorination and respiratory health. Eur Resp J 2002;19:790–793
  • Goodman M, Hays S. Asthma and swimming: a meta-analysis. J Asthma 2008;45:639–647
  • Bernard A, Voisin C, Sardella A. Con: respiratory risks associated with chlorinated swimming pools. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:570–572
  • Clearie KL, Vaidyanathan S, Williamson PA, Goudie A, Short P, Schembri S, Lipworth BJ. Effects of chlorine and exercise on the unified airway in adolescent elite Scottish swimmers. Allergy 2010;65:269–273
  • Uyan ZS, Carraro S, Piacentini G, Baraldi E. Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: should we change our beliefs? Pediatr Pulmonol 2009;44:31–37
  • Ngwenya N, Ncube E, Parsons J. Recent advances in drinking water disinfection: successes and challenges. In: Whitacre DM, ed. Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York: Springer; 2013:111–170
  • Hery M, Hecht G, Gerber JM, Gendre JC, Hubert G, Rebuffaud J. Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools. Ann Occup Hyg 1995;39:427–439
  • Thickett KM, McCoach JS, Gerber JM, Sadhra S, Burge PS. Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air. Eur Respir J 2002;19:827–832
  • Massin N, Bohadana AB, Wild P, Hery M, Toamain JP, Hubert G. Respiratory symptoms and bronchial responsiveness in lifeguards exposed to nitrogen trichloride in indoor swimming pools. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:258–263
  • Fantuzzi G, Righi E, Predieri G, Giacobazzi P, Mastroianni K, Aggazzotti G. Prevalence of ocular, respiratory and cutaneous symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers and exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs). Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2010;7:1379–1391
  • Jacobs JH, Spaan S, van Rooy GB, Meliefste C, Zaat VA, Rooyackers JM, Heederik D. Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers. Eur Resp J 2007;29:690–698
  • Fornander L, Ghafouri B, Lindahl M, Graff P. Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013;86:571–580
  • Parrat J, Donzé G, Iseli C, Perret D, Tomicic C, Schenk O. Assessment of occupational and public exposure to trichloramine in Swiss indoor swimming pools: a proposal for an occupational exposure limit. Ann Occup Hygiene 2012;56:264–277
  • Dang B, Chen L, Mueller C, Dunn KH, Almaguer D, Roberts JL, Otto CS. Ocular and respiratory symptoms among lifeguards at a hotel indoor waterpark resort. J Occup Environ Med 2010;52:207–213
  • Jajosky RA, Harrison R, Reinisch F, Flattery J, Chan J, Tumpowsky C, Davis L, et al. Surveillance of work-related asthma in selected U.S. states using surveillane guidelines for state health departments – California, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Jersey, 1993–1995. MMWR 1999;48:1–20
  • ASHRAE. 2003 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE); 2003
  • Mohan A, Kumar SN, Rao MH, Bollineni S, Manohar IC. Acute accidental exposure to chlorine gas: clinical presentation, pulmonary functions and outcomes. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2010;52:149–152
  • Vandenplas O, Wiszniewska M, Raulf M, de Blay F, Gerth van Wijk R, Moscato G, Nemery B, et al. EAACI position paper: irritant-induced asthma. Allergy 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Henneberger PK, Kreiss K, Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Chang YF, Geidenberger CA. An evaluation of the incidence of work-related asthma in the United States. Int J Occup Environ Health 1999;5:1–8
  • Malo JL, Ghezzo H, L'Archeveque J, Lagier F, Perrin B, Cartier A. Is the clinical history a satisfactory means of diagnosing occupational asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:528–532
  • Keuten MG, Schets FM, Schijven JF, Verberk JQ, van Dijk JC. Definition and quantification of initial anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools. Water Res 2012;46:3682–3692
  • Chessor E, Baxter R, Crow H. Designing IAQ in natatoriums. ASHRAE J 2012;54:10–24
  • Li J, Blatchley ER 3rd. UV photodegradation of inorganic chloramines. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:60–65
  • Schmalz C, Frimmel FH, Zwiener C. Trichloramine in swimming pools – formation and mass transfer. Water Res 2011;45:2681–2690
  • Cavestri RC, Seeger-Clevenger D. Chemical offgassing from indoor swimming pools (RP-1083). ASHRAE Tran 2009;115:502–512
  • ANSI/ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. 2013 . Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/pools/mahc/structure-content/drafts.html [last accessed 6 Aug 2014]
  • CDC. Model Aquatic Health Code Draft Module Ventilation Module ANNEX Sections for the First 60-day Review Posted for Public Comment on 04/13/2011. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/pools/mahc/index.html [last accessed 6 Aug 2014]
  • CDC. Model Aquatic Health Code: a National Model Swimming Pool and Spa Code. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/pools/mahc/structure-content/drafts.html [last accessed 8 May 2014]
  • CDC. The Model Aquatic Health Code: the Annex, Release for Final Public Comment, March 2013. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/pools/mahc/index.html [last accessed 6 Aug 2014]
  • Li J, Blatchley ER. Volatile disinfection byproduct formation resulting from chlorination of organic nitrogen precursors in swimming pools. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:6732–6739
  • Holzwarth G, Balmer RG, Soni L. Fate of chlorine and chloramines in cooling towers; Henry’s Law Constants for Flashoff. Water Res 1984;18:1421–1427
  • Baxter RC. Designing for IAQ in natatoriums. ASHRAE J 2012;54:24–32
  • Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, Blanc PD, et al. Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest 2008;134:1S–41S

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.