The Prevalence and Predictors of Bronchial Hyperreactivity in Children and Adolescents

References

• Dale H H., Laidlaw P P. The physiological action of β-iminazollyl-ethylamine. J Physiol 1910; 41: 318, 344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss S, Robb G P., Blumgart H L. The velocity of blood flow in health and disease as measured by the effect of histamine on minute vessels. Am Heart J 1929; 4: 664, 691
   Google Scholar
• Tiffeneau R, Beauvallet M. Epreuve de bron-choconstriction et e bronchodilatation par aerosols. Emploi pour le depistage, la mesure et le controle des insuffisances respiratoires chroniques. Bull Acad Med 1945; 129: 165, 168
   Google Scholar
• Backer V, Bach-Mortensen N, Becker U, Brink L, Howitz P, Hansen K K., Wendelboe D, Laursen E M. The effect of astemizole on bronchial hyperrespon-siveness and exercise-induced asthma in children. Allergy 1989; 44: 209, 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathe A A., Hedquist P, Holmgren P, Svanborg N. Bronchial hyperreactivity to prostaglandin F2α and histamine in patients with asthma. Br Med J 1973; 1: 193, 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisgaard H, Groth S. Bronchial effects of leukotriene D4 inhalation in normal human lung. Clin Sci 1987; 72: 585, 592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadel J A., Saleme H, Tamplin B, Tokiwa Y. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of sulphur dioxide. J Appl Physiol 1965; 20: 164, 166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp R J., Bewtra A K., Nair N M., Townley R G. Specificity and sensitivity of methacholine inhalation challenge in normal and asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 74: 154, 158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez F D., Antognoni G, Macri F, Bonci E., Midulla F, Castro G, de Ronchetti R. Parental smoking enhances bronchial responsiveness in nine-year-old children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 518, 523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey S. Exercise-induced asthma-clinical, physiological, and therapeutic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 56: 1, 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft D W., Killian D N., Mellon J JA, Hargreave F E. Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical survey. Clin Allergy 1977; 7: 235, 243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fourie P R., Joubert J R. Determination of airway hyperreactivity in asthmatic children: A comparison among exercise, nebulized water and histamine challenge. Pediatr Pulmonol 1988; 4: 2, 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt A, Bach-Mortensen N, Bundgaard A. Comparison of isocapnic hyperventilation and treadmill exercise in children with exercise-induced asthma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1983; 43: 203, 206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itkin I H. Bronchial hypersensitivity to mecholyl and histamine in asthma subjects. J Allergy 1967; 40: 245, 256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardner R M. Snowbird workshop on standardization of spirometry. ATS Statement. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 831, 838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsson B G. Clinical implications of bronchial hyperreactivity. Eur J Respir Dis 1980; 106: 7–18, (Suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft D W., Berscheid B A., Murdock K Y. Unimodal distribution of bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine in a random human population. Chest 1983; 83: 751, 754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai H, Farr R S., Froehlich L A., Mathison D A., McLean J A., Rosenthal R R., Sheffer II AL, Spector S L., Townley R G. Standardization of bronchial inhalation challenge procedures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 56: 323, 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan K, Salome C, Woolcock A J. Rapid method for measurement of bronchial responsiveness. Thorax 1983; 38: 760, 765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton J, Mortagy A, Tattersfield A. Histamine challenge testing: comparison of three methods. Thorax 1986; 41: 128, 132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock A J., Salome C M., Yan K. The shape of the dose-response curve to histamine in asthmatic and normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 71, 75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins B G., Britton J R., Chinn S, Jones T D., Vathenen A S., Burney P GJ, Tattersfield A E. Comparison of histamine and methacholine for use in bronchial challenge test in community studies. Thorax 1988; 43: 605, 610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tattersfield A E., Higgins B G. Bronchial reactivity in the community. Eur Respir 1988; J1: 476–491
   Google Scholar
• Weiss M E., Wheeler B, Eggleston P, Adkinson NF, Jr. A protocol for performing reproducible methacholine inhalation tests in children with moderate to severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 67, 72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asher M I., Bertrand J M., Beaudry P H., Coates A L. Histamine inhalation challenge in children: A comparison of two methods. Ann Allergy 1983; 50: 389, 392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foresi A, Mattoli S, Corbo G M., Polidori G, Ciappi G. Comparison of bronchial responses to ultra-sonically nebulized distilled water, exercise, and methacholine in asthma. Chest 1986; 90: 822, 826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish J E., Kelly J F. Measurement of responsiveness in bronchoprovocation testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979; 64: 592, 596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salome C M., Peat J K., Britton W J., Woolcock A J. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two populations of Australian schoolchildren. I. Relation to respiratory symptoms and diagnosed asthma. Clin Allergy 1987; 17: 271, 281
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backer V, Bach-Mortensen N, Dirksen A. Prevalence and predictors of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children aged 7-16 years. Allergy 1989; 44: 214, 219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno R H., Hogg J C., Pare P D. Mechanics of airway narrowing. Am Rev Respir Dis, 133: 1171, 1180, 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James A L., Pare P D., Hogg J C. The mechanics of airway narrowing in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 242, 246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen M, Dahl R, Jensen E J., Korsgaard J, Hallas T. Lung function and bronchial reactivity in farmers. Thorax 1989; 44: 645, 649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock A J., Peat J K., Salome C M., Yan K, Anderson S D., Schoeffel R E., McCowage G, Killalea T. Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in a rural adult population. Thorax 1987; 42: 361, 368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft D W., Murdock K Y., Berscheid B A. Relationship between atopy and bronchial responsiveness to histamine in a random population. Ann Allergy 1984; 53: 26, 29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burney P GJ, Britton J R., Chinn S, Tattersfield A E., Papacosta A O., Kelson M C., Anderson F, Corfield D R. Descriptive epidemiology of bronchial reactivity in an adult population: results from a community study. Thorax 1987; 42: 38, 44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton W J., Woolcock A J., Peat J K., Sedgwick C J., Lloyd D M., Leeder S R. Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children: The relationship between asthma and skin reactivity to allergens in two communities. Int J Epidemiol 1986; 15: 202, 209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt C, Stuckey M S., Woolcock A J., Dawkins R L. Positive allergy prick tests associated with bronchial histamine responsiveness in an unselected population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 698, 702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears M R., Jones D T., Holdaway M D., Hewitt C J., Flannery E M., Herbison G P., Silva P A. Prevalence of bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine in New Zealand children. Thorax 1986; 41: 283, 289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher M I., Pattemore P K., Harrison A C., Mitchell E A., Rea H H., Stewart A W., Woolcock A J. International comparison of the prevalence of asthma symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 524, 529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattemore P K., Asher M I., Harrison A C., Mitchell E A., Rea H H., Stewart A W. Ethnic differences in prevalence of asthma symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in New Zealand schoolchildren. Thorax 1989; 44: 168, 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementsen P, Douglas A R., Skehel J J., Hannoun C, Bach-Mortensen N, Norn S. Influenza A virus enhances IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophil leukocytes. Examination of the effect of viral muraminidase and haemagglutinin. Agents and Actions 1989; 27: 58, 61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue H, Horio S, Ichinose M, Ida S, Hida W, Takishima T, Ohwada K, Homma M. Changes in bronchial reactivity to acetylcholine with type C influenza virus infection in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 367, 371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Empey D W., Laitinen L A., Jacobs L, Gold W M., Nadel J A. Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 131, 139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft D W., Murdock K Y. Changes in bronchial responsiveness to histamine at invervals after allergen challenge. Thorax 1987; 42: 302, 308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray A B., Ferguson A C. Dust-free bedrooms in the treatment of asthmatic children with house dust mite allergy: A controlled trial. Pediatrics 1983; 71: 418, 422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor G T., Weiss S T., Tager I B., Speizer F E. The effect of passive smoking on pulmonary function and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness in a population-based sample of children and young adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 800, 804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcock A J., Yan K, Salome C M. Effect of therapy on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the long-term management of asthma. Clin Allergy 1988; 18: 165, 176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sotomayor H, Badier M, Vervloet D, Orehek J. Seasonal increase of carbachol airway responsiveness in patients allergic to grass pollen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 56, 58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner P, Saaid M, Reshef A. Isotonic nebulized disodium cromoglycate provides better protection against methacholine- and exercise-induced bron-choconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 1309, 1311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutoit J I., Salome C M., Woolcock A J. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the severity of bronchial hyper-responsiveness in asthma but oral theophylline does not. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1174, 1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft D W. Modulation of airway hyperrespon-siveness. Ann Allergy 1988; 60: 465, 471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hariparsad D, Wilson N, Dixon C, Silverman M. Reproducibility of histamine challenge tests in asthmatic children. Thorax 1983; 35: 258, 260
   Google Scholar
• Sears M R., Holdaway M D., Hewitt C J., Silva P A. Bronchial reactivity in children without asthma. Aust NZ J Med 1984; 14: 542, (Suppl 2)
   Google Scholar
• Peat J K., Salome C M., Sedgwick C S., Kerrebtjn J, Woolcock A J. A prospective study of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms in a population of Australian schoolchildren. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19: 299, 306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Å berg N, Engstrom I, Lindberg U. Allergic diseases in Swedish school children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1989; 78: 246, 252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson H R. Is the prevalence of asthma changing?. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 172, 175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braman S S., Barrows A A., DeCottis B A., Settipane G A., Corrao W M. Airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest 1987; 91: 671, 674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konig P, Godfrey S. Exercise-induced bronchial lability in monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (nonidentical) twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1974; 54: 280, 287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konig P, Godfrey S. Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchial lability in families of children with asthma. Arch Dis Childhood 1973; 48: 513, 518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbald B, Horn M E., Brain E A., Gregg I. Genetic factors in childhood asthma. Thorax 1980; 35: 671, 674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townley R G., Bewtra A, Wilson A F., Hopp R J., Elston R C., Nair N, Watt G D. Segregation analysis of bronchial response to methacholine inhalation challenge in families with and without asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 101, 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peat J K., Britton W J., Salome C M., Woolcock A J. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two populations of Australian schoolchildren. III. Effect of exposure to environmental allergens. Clin Allergy 1987; 17: 291, 300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell I, Corey M, Woenne R, Krastins I RB, Levison H. Bronchial hyperreactivity in cystic fibrosis and asthma. Pediatrics 1978; 93: 744, 748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedictis F M., de Canny G J., Levison H. Methacholine inhalational challenge in the evaluation of chronic cough in children. J Asthma 1986; 23: 303, 308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmes J R., Fine J M., Sheppard D. Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulphur dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1117, 1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Kato M, Heki S, Morimoto K. Occupational asthma from cobalt sensitivity in workers exposed to hard metal dust. Chest 1989; 95: 29, 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redline S, Tager I B., Castile R G., Weiss S T., Barr M, Speizer F E. Assessment of the usefulness of helium-oxygen maximal expiratory flow curves in epidemiologic studies of lung disease in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 834, 840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groth S, Lindell S E., Kabiraj M U., Bulow K, Ar-Borelius M, Simonsson BG, Jr. Bronchial reactivity and small airway dysfunction in subjects with intermediate alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1984; 20: 279, 284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedenstro'Ri H, Malmberg P. Optimal combinations of lung function test in the detection of various types of early lung disease. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71: 273, 285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voter K Z., Henry M M., Stewart P W., Henderson F W. Lower respiratory illness in early childhood and lung function and bronchial reactivity in adolescent males. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 302, 307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosio M, Ghezzo H, Hogg J C., Corbin R, Loveland M, Dosman J, Macklem P T. The relations between structural changes in small airway and pulmonary-function tests. N Engl J Med 1977; 198: 1277, 1281
   Google Scholar
• Oxhj H, Bake B, Wilhelmsen L. Ability of spirometry, flow-volume curves and the nitrogen closing volume test to detect smokers. Scand J Respir Dis 1977; 58: 80, 96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar