Dosimetry and Quality Specification of High Energy Photon Beams

References

• AAPM. A protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from high energy photon and electron beams. Task Group 21, Radiation Therapy Committee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Med. Phys. 1983; 10: 741
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreo P. Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in water. Absorbed dose and fluence distributions. Report FANZ/-80/3, Dept. of Nuclear Physics, University of Zaragoza, Spain 1980
   Google Scholar
• Andreo P. Aplicacion del método de Monte Carlo a la penetracion y dosimetria de haces de electrones. (In Spanish.). Thesis, University of Zaragoza, Spain 1981
   Google Scholar
• Andreo P., Brahme A. Mean energy in electron beams. Med. Phys. 1981; 8: 682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreo P., Brahme A. Restricted energy-loss straggling and multiple scattering of electrons in mixed Monte Carlo procedures. Radiat. Res. 1984; 100: 16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreo P., Brahme A. Stopping power data for high energy photon beams. Phys. Med. Biol. 1985, In press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley R. E., Jones J. C., Lillicrap S. C. X-ray spectra from accelerators in the range 2 to 6 MeV. Phys. Med. Biol. 1967; 12: 301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger M. J. Monte Carlo calculation of the penetration and diffusion of fast charged particles. Methods in computational physics. Vol. I: Statistical physics, B. Alder, S. Fernbach, M. Rotenberg. Academic Press, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Biggs P. J., Russell M. D. An investigation into the presence of secondary electrons in megavoltage photon beams. Phys. Med. Biol. 1983; 28: 1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brhame A. Simple relations for the penetration of high energy electron beams in matter. Report SSI: 1975-011, National Institute of Radiation Protection, Stockholm 1975
   Google Scholar
• Brhame A. Electron transport phenomena and absorbed dose distributions in therapeutic electron beams. Presented at the 14th International Congress of Radiology. Rio de Janeiro, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Brhame A., Svensson H. Methods of improving dose uniformity in high energy photon and electron beams. Phys. Canada 1976; 32: 28.3
   Google Scholar
• Brhame A., Svensson H. Radiation beam characteristics of a 22 MeV microtron. Acta radiol. Oncology 1979; 18: 244
   Google Scholar
• Brhame A., Kraepelien T., Svensson H. Electron and photon beams from a 50 MeV racetrack microtron. Acta radiol. Oncology 1980; 19: 305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brownridge J., Samnick S., Stiles P., Tipton P., Veselka J., Yeh N. Determination of the photon spectrum of a clinical accelerator. Med. Phys. 1984; 11: 794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzado A., Vano E., Delgado V., Gonzalez L. 42 MeV bremsstrahlung spectrum analysis by a photoactivation method. Nucl. Inst. Meth. 1984; 225: 232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J. R. Fundamentals of radiation dosimetry. Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol 1981
   Google Scholar
• Hubble J. H. Photon mass attenuation and energy absorption coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1982; 33: 1269
   Google Scholar
• IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Medical electron accelerators in the range 1-50 MeV. Section four: performance tolerances. Report 62C (Secretariat) 18, IEC, Geneva 1981
   Google Scholar
• Koch H. W., Motz J. W. Bremsstrahlung cross sections formulas and related data. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1959; 31: 920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempert R. P., Jury J. W., Sherman N. K. Measurement of bremsstrahlung spectra from 25 MeV electrons on Ta as a function of radiator thickness and emission angle. Nucl. Inst. Meth. 1983; 214: 349
   Google Scholar
• Leung P. M., Sontag M. R., Maharaj H., Chenery S. Dose measurements in the build up region for Cobalt 60 therapy units. Med. Phys. 1976; 3: 169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy L. B., Waggener R. G., McDavid W. D., Payne W. H. Experimental and calculated bremsstrahlung spectra from a 25 MeV linear accelerator and a 19 MeV betatron. Med. Phys. 1974; 1: 62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy L. B., Waggener R. G., Wright A. E. Measurement of primary bremsstrahlung spectrum from an 8 MeV linear accelerator. Med. Phys. 1976; 3: 173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews J. L., Owens R. O. Accurate formulae for the calculation of high energy electron bremsstrahlung spectra. Nucl. Inst. Meth. 1973; 111: 157
   Google Scholar
• Mohan R., Chui C. Validity of the concept of separating primary and scatter dose. Med. Phys. 1985; 12(1)726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NACP. Recommendations of the Nordic Association of Clinical Physics. Procedures in radiation therapy dosimetry with 5 to 50 MeV electrons and roentgen and gamma rays with maximum photon energies between 1 and 50 MeV. Acta radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol. 1972; 11: 603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NACP. Recommendations of the Nordic Association of Clinical Physics. Procedures in external radiation therapy dosimetry with electron and photon beams with maximum energies between 1 and 50 MeV. Acta radiol. Oncology 1980; 19: 55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Näfstadius P., Brahme A., Nordell B. Computer assisted dosimetry of scanned electron and photon beams for radiation therapy. Radiother. and Oncol. 1984; 2: 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahum A. E. Calculations of electron flux spectra in water irradiated with megavoltage electron and photon beams with applications to dosimetry. Thesis, University of Edinburgh. Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106USA 1976, Order No. 77-70006.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson B. Analysis of quality characteristics of radiotherapeutic photon beams. Thesis, University of Stockholm, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson B., Brahme A. Contamination of high energy photon beams by scattered photons. Strahlentherapie 1981; 127: 181
   Google Scholar
• Nordell B., Brahme A. Angular distribution and yield from bremsstrahlung targets. Phys. Med. Biol. 1984; 29: 797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti P. L., Goodman M. S., Gabriel T. A., Mohan R. Investigation of build-up dose from electron contamination of clinical photon beams. Med. Phys. 1983; 10: 18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti P. L., Goodman M. S., Sisterson J. M., Biggs P. J., Gabriel T. A., Mohan R. Sources of electron contamination for the Clinac-35 25 MV photon beam. Med. Phys. 1983; 10: 856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podgorsak E. B., Rawlinson J. A., Glavinovic M. I., Johns H. E. Design of X-ray targets for high energy linear accelerators in radiotherapy. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1974; 121: 873
   Google Scholar
• Rogers D. W. O., Bielajew A. F. The use of EGS for Monte Carlo calculations in medical physics. Report PXNR-2692, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa 1984
   Google Scholar
• Samuelsson C. Influence of air cavities on central depth dose curves for 33 MV roentgen rays. Acta radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol. 1977; 16: 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiff L. I. Energy-angle distributions of thin target bremsstrahlung. Phys. Rev. 1951; 83: 252
   Google Scholar
• SEFM. Procedimientos recomendados para la dosimetria de fotones y electrones de energias comprendidas entre 1 MeV y 50 MeV en radioterapia de haces externos. (In Spanish.). Comité de Dosimetria en Radioterapia de la Sociedad Espanola de Fisica Medica. Madrid 1984, Publication No. I-1984
   Google Scholar
• Sternheimer R. M., Peierls R. F. General expression for the density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles. Phys. Rev. B 1971; 3: 3681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson H., Brahme A. Recent advances in electron and photon dosimetry. Radiation dosimetry. Physical and biological aspects, C. Orton. Plenum Press, New York 1986; 87
   Google Scholar
• Tsai Y. S. Pair production and bremsstrahlung of charged leptons. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1974; 46: 815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar