Pulmonary Toxicity of Cytotoxic and Immunosuppressive Agents: A Review

References

• Ginsberg S. J., Cornis R. L. The pulmonary toxicity of antineo-plastic agents. Semin Oncol 1982; 9: 34–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronin P. A., Mahaley M. S., Rudnick S. A., et al. Prediction of BCNU pulmonary toxicity in patients with malignant glio-mas. An assesment of risk factors. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 183–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordonnier C., Vernant J. P., Mital P., Lange F., Bernaudin J. F., Rochant H. Pulmonary fibrosis subsequent to high doses of CCNU for chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer 1983; 51: 1814–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blum R. H., Carter S. K., Agre K. A clinical review of bleomy-cin—a new antineoplastic agent. Cancer 1973; 31: 903–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agre K. A. Overview of clinical evaluation in the United States. New drug seminar on bleomycin, W. T. Soper, A. B. Glott. National Institute of Health, Bethesda 1974; 66–82
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen P. G., Rørth M., Hansen H. H. Phase I evaluation of peplomycin with special reference to pulmonary toxicity. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983; 19: 319–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murti L., Horsman L. R. Acute hypersensitivity reaction to cyclophosphamide. J Pediat 1979; 94: 8434
   Google Scholar
• Kehl A., Bergholz M., von Heyden H. W., Nagel G. A. Toxisch-allergisches Lungenodem nach Cyclophosphamid- und Iphosphamid-therapie. Onkologie 1983; 6: 84–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karchmer R. K., Hansen V. L. Possible anaphylactic reaction to intravenous cyclophosphamide: Report of a case. JAMA 1977; 237: 475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannon G. W., Ward J. R., Clegg D. O., Samuelson C. O., Abott T. M. Acute lung disease associated with low-dose pulse methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 1269–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedrossian C. W. M., Miller W. C., Luna M. A. Methotrexate-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. South Med J 1979; 72: 313–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones S. E., Moore M., Blank N., Castello R. A. Hypersensitivity to procarbazine (Matulane) manifested by fever and pleuropulmonary reaction. Cancer 1972; 29: 498–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lokich J. J., Moloney W. C. Allergic reaction to procarbazine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972; 13: 5734
   Google Scholar
• Khansur T., Little D., Tavassoli M. Fulminant and fatal angiooedema caused by bleomycin treatment. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 2267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holoye P. Y., Luna M. A., MacKay B., Bedrossian C. W. M. Bleomycin hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Ann Int Med 1978; 88: 47–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacovino J. R., Leitner J., Abbas A. D., Lokich J. J., Sneider G. L. Fatal pulmonary reaction from low doses of bleomycin. JAMA 1976; 235: 1253–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazo J. S., Humphreys C. J. Lack of metabolism as the biochemical basis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Proc Natl Acat Sci USA 1983; 80: 3064–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggia F. M., Louie A. C., Sikic B. I. Pulmonary toxicity of antitumor agents. Cancer Treat Rev 1983; 10: 221–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper J. A. D., White D. A., Matthay R. A. Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Part l: Cytotoxic drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 321–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trush M. A., Mimnaugh E. G., Ginsburg E., et al. Studies on the in vitro interaction of mitomycin C, nitrofurantion and paraquat with pulmonary microsomes: Stimulation of reactive oxygen-dependent lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31: 805–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll D. C., Ringenberg Q., Yarbo J. W. Vascular toxicity associated with antineoplastic agents. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 1405–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarysse A. M., Cathey W. J., Cartwright G. E., Wintrobe M. M. Pulmonary disease complicating intermittent therapy with methotrexate. JAMA 1969; 209: 1861–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth R. F., Wei W. Z., Winkelhake J. L. Immunologic mechanisms in the induction of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis (Abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1981; 22: 188
   Google Scholar
• Thrall R. S., Lovett R. J., Barton R. W., McCormick J. R., Phan S. H., Ward P. A. The effect of T-cell depletion on the development of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat (Abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 99
   Google Scholar
• Ekimoto H., Aikawa M., Ohnuki T., et al. Immunological involvement in pulmonary fibrosis induced by peplomycin. J Antibiot 1985; 38: 94–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelbrecht J. A., Calhoon S. L., Schemer J. J. Methotrexate pneumonitis after low-dose therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 1275–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sostman H. D., Matthay R. A., Putman C. E., Smith G. J. W. Meth-otrexate-induced pneumonitis. Medicine 1976; 55: 371–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Barneveld P. W. C., Sleijfer D. T., van der Mark T. W., . The natural course of bleomycin induced pneumonitis (B1P)—A follow-up study in eight patients. Pulmonary changes induced by bleomycin. Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, P. W. C. van Barneveld, et al, 1985; 73–83
   Google Scholar
• Bennett W. M., Pastore L., Houghton D. C. Fatal pulmonary bleomycin toxicity in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. Cancer Treat Rep 1980; 64: 921–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haupt H. M., Hutchins G. M., Moore G. W. Ara-C lung: Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema complicating cytosine arabi-noside therapy of leukemia. Am J Med 1981; 70: 256–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein M. L., Sobel D. B., Wimmer R. S. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema following injection of methotrexate into cerebrospinal fluid. Cancer 1982; 50: 866–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boven E., Pinedo H. M. Mitomycin C: Interstitial pneumonitis and haemolytic-uremic syndrome. Neth J Med 1983; 26: 153–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Spreeuwel J. P., Hemrika M. H., DeMaat C. E. M., Nadorp J. H. S. M. Two patients suffering from interstitial pneumonitis as side effect of mitomycin C. Neth Med 1983; 26: 153–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumpf K. W., Rieger J., Lankisch P. G., von Heyden H. W., Nagel G. A., Scheler F. Mitomycin-induced haemolysis and renal failure. Lancet 1980; 2: 1037–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolivet J., Giroux L., Laurin S., Gruber J., Bettez P., Band P. R. Microangiopathic haemolytic anemia, renal failure and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema: A chemotherapy-induced syndrome. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 429–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White D. A., Staver D. F. Severe bleomycin induced pneumonitis. Clinical features and response to corticosteroids. Chest 1984; 86: 723–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll D. C. Fatal pneumothorax associated with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1986; 17: 294–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leeser J. E., Cam D. Fatal pneumothorax following bleomycin and other drugs. Cancer Treat Rep 1985; 69: 344–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson K. S., Brigden M. L., Alexander S., Worth A. Fatal pneumothorax in ‘BCNU-lung’. Med Pediatr Oncol 1982; 10: 195–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lote K., Dahl O., Vigander T. Pneumothorax during combination chemotherapy. Cancer 1981; 47: 1743–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulman P., Cheng E., Cvitkovic E., et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax as a result of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Chest 1979; 75: 194–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green D., Dighe P., Ali N. O., Katele G. V. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicating chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1980; 46: 1763–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aymard J. P., Gyger M., Lavallee R., Legresley L. P., Desy M. A case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicating chronic myelogenous leukemia. A peculiar pathologic aspect of busulphan lung?. Cancer 1984; 53: 954–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsudo S. M., Greenwald E. S., Banerii B., Koss L. G. BCNU (1, 3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-I-nitrosourea) lung. Drug-induced pulmonary changes. Cancer 1984; 54: 751–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patten G. A., Billi J. E., Rotman H. H. Rapidly progressive, fatal pulmonary fibrosis induced by carmustine. JAMA 1980; 244: 687–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mark E. J. Lung biopsy interpretation. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984; 103–50
   Google Scholar
• Mark G. J., Lehimgar-Zadeh A., Ragsdale B. D. Cyclophosphamide pneumonitis. Thorax 1978; 33: 89–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teatle R., Dickman P. S., Feldman P. S. Pulmonary histopatho-logic changes associated with melphalan therapy. Cancer 1978; 42: 123945
   Google Scholar
• Cole S. R., Myers T. J., Klatsky A. U. Pulmonary disease with chlorambucil therapy. Cancer 1978; 41: 455–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Podoll L. N., Winkler S. S. Busulphan lung. Report of two cases and review of the litterature. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther 1974; 20: 151–6
   Google Scholar
• Bellot P. A., Valdiserri R. O. Multiple pulmonary lesions in a patient treated with BCNU (1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitro-sourea) for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 1979; 43: 46–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dent R. G. Fatal pulmonary toxic effects of lomustine. Thorax 1982; 37: 627–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee W., Moore R. P., Wampler G. L. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis as a complication of prolonged methyl-CCNU therapy. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 62: 1355–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martino S., Baker L. H., Pollard R. J., Correra J. J., DeMatti M. D. Pulmonary toxicity of mitomycin. Mitomycin C—Current status and new developments, S. K. Carter, S. T. Crooke. Academic Press, New York 1979; 236–44
   Google Scholar
• Bedrossian C. W. M., Luna M. A., McCay B., Lichager B. Ultra-structure of pulmonary bleomycin toxicity. Cancer 1973; 32: 44–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heard B. E., Crooke R. A. Busulphan lung. Thorax 1968; 23: 187–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durant J. R., Norgard M. J., Murad T. M., Bartolucci A. A., Lang-Ford K. H. Pulmonary toxicity associated with bischloro-ethyl-nitrosourea (BCNU). Ann Intern Med 1974; 90: 1914
   Google Scholar
• Vats T. S., Trueworthy R. C., Langston C. M. Pulmonary fibrosis associated with lumostine (CCNU): A case report. Cancer Treat Rep 1982; 66: 1881–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koss L. G., Melamed M. R., Mayer K. The effect of busulphan on human epithelia. Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 44: 385–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Min K. W., Gyorkey F. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, atypical eithelial changes and bronchiolar cell carcinoma following busulphan therapy. Cancer 1968; 22: 1027–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuplic J. B., Highley C. S., Niewoehner D. E. Pulmonary ossification associated with long-term busulphan therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972; 106: 759–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phan S. H., Thrall R. S. Inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by cobra venom factor. Am J Pathol 1982; 107: 25–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrall R. S., Barton R. W. A comparison of lymphocyte populations in lung tissue and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats at various times during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 279–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everts C. S., Westcott J. L., Bragg D. G. Methotrexate therapy and pulmonary disease. Radiology 1973; 107: 539–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ecker M. D., Jay B., Keohane M. F. Procarbazine lung. Am J Roentgenol 1978; 131: 527–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farney R. J., Moms A. H., Armstrong J. D., Hammer S. Diffuse pulmonary disease after therapy with nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 135–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godard P., Marty J. P., Michel F. B. Interstitial pneumonia and chlorambucil. Chest 1979; 76: 471–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodliff H. J., Finlay-Jones L. R. Busulphan lung. Med J Aust 1972; 2: 719–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlgren J. D., Smith F. P., Kerwin D. M., Sikic B. I., Wiener J. H., Schein P. S. Pulmonary disease as a complication of chloro-zotocin chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep 1981; 65: 223–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins J. F., McCullogh B., Coalson J. J., Johanson W. G. Bleomycin-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in baboons. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 305–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark J. G., Starcher B. D., Uitto J. Bleomycin selectively increases the synthesis of type I procollagen by human lung and skin fibroblasts in culture (Abstract). Clin Res 1979; 27: 359
   Google Scholar
• Gunstream S. R., Seidenfeld J. J., Sobonya R. E., McMahon L. J. Mitomycin associated lung disease. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 3014
   Google Scholar
• Buzdar A. U., Legha S. S., Luna M. A., Tashima C. K., Hortobagyi G. N., Blumenschein G. R. Pulmonary toxicity of mitomycin. Cancer 1980; 45: 236–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Natale R. B., Yagoda A., Watson R. C., Stover D. E. Phase II trial of neocarzinostatin in patients with bladder and pros-tatic cancer. Cancer 1980; 45: 2836–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seltzer S. E., Griffin T., D'Orsi C., Tyrka F., Herman P. J. Pulmonary reaction associated with neocarzinostatin therapy. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 6: 1271–2
   Google Scholar
• Alvarado C. S., Boat T. F., Newman A. J. Late-onset pulmonary fibrosis and chest deformity in two children treated with cyclophosphamide. J Pediat 1978; 92: 443–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sostman H. D., Matthay R. A., Putman C. E. Cytotoxic drug-induced lung disease. Am J Med 1977; 62: 608–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin G., Baume P., Vandenberg R. Azathioprine and acute restrictive lung disease. Aust N Z J Med 1972; 3: 272–4
   Google Scholar
• Weisenburger D. D. Interstitial pneumonitis associated with azathioprine therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 1978; 69: 181–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxwell I. Reversible pulmonary edema following cyclophosphamide treatment. JAMA 1974; 229: 137–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lascari A. D., Strano A. J., Johnson W. W., Collins J. G. P. Metho-trexate-induced sudden fatal pulmonary reaction. Cancer 1977; 40: 1393–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamous J. E., Guffy M. M., Aschenbrener C. A. Fatal acute respiratory failure following intrathecal methotrexate administration. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 1025–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walden P. A. M., Mitchell-Heggs P. F., Coppin C., Dent J., Bag-Shawe K. D. Pleurisy and methotrexate treatment. Br Med J 1977; 2: 867
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parvinen L. M., Kilkku P., Makinen E., Liukko P., Gronroos M. Factors affecting the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. Acta Radiol 1983; 22: 417–21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balikian J. P., Jochelson M. S., Bauer K. A., et al. Pulmonary complications of chemotherapy regimens containing bleomycin. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 139: 455–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels M. L., Douglas E. J., Holoye P. V., Lanzotti V. J. Large-dose bleomycin therapy and pulmonary toxicity. JAMA 1976; 235: 1117–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliner H., Schwartz R., Rubio F., Dameshek W. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis following busulphan therapy. Am J Med 1961; 31: 134–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selker R. G., Jacobs S. A., Moore P. B., et al. 1, 3-bis(2-chloro ethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Neurosurg 1980; 7: 560–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea E. S., Diaconis J. N., Wade J. C., Johnston C. A. Bleomycin toxicity simulating metastatic nodules to the lungs. Cancer 1981; 48: 1096–1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachman J. B., Baum E. S., White H., Crussi F. G. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mimicking recurrent metastatic disease in a patient with testicular carcinoma. Cancer 1981; 47: 236–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Barneveld P. W. C., Veenstra G., Sleijfer D. T., et al. Changes in pulmonary function during and after bleomycin treatment in patients with testicular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1985; 14: 168–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luursema P. B., Star-Kroesen M. A., van der Mark T. W., Sleijfer D. T., Koops H. S., Peset R. Bleomycin-induced changes in the carbon monoxide transfer factor of the lungs and its components. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 880–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotes J. E. Measurement of the transfer factor for the lung and its subdivisions. Lung function: Assessment and application in medicine, J. E. Cotes. Blackwell, Oxford 1979; 230–49
   Google Scholar
• Littler W. A., Ogilvie C. Lung function in patients receiving busulphan. Br Med J 1970; 4: 530–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhat K. S. S., Anderson K. R., Stewart R. D. H. Lung disease associated with methotrexate therapy. Aust N Z J Med 1974; 4: 277–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comis R. L., Kuppinger M. S., Ginsberg S. J., et al. Role of single-breath carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity in monitoring the pulmonary effects of bleomycin in germ cell tumor patients. Cancer Res 1979; 39: 5076–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucraft H. H., Wilkinson P. M., Stretton T. B., Read G. Role of pulmonary function tests in the prevention of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity during chemotherapy for metastatic tes-ticular teratoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1982; 18: 133–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Addrews A. T., Bowman H. S., Shashikant B., Anderson W. M. Mitomycin and interstitial pneumonitis (Letter). Ann lntern Med 1979; 90: 127
   Google Scholar
• van Barneveld P. W. C., van der Mark T. W., Sleijfer D. T., et al. Predictive factors for bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 1078–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke D. A., Stoddart J. C., Ward M. K., Simpson C. G. B. Fatal pulmonary fibrosis occurring during treatment with cyclo-phosphamide. Br Med Clin Res 1982; 285: 696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spector J. I., Zimbler H. Cyclophosphamide pneumonitis (Letter). N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karim Abdel F.W., Ayash R. E., Allam C., Salem P. A. Pulmonary fibrosis after prolonged treatment with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Oncology 1983; 40: 174–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsukamoto N. T., Matsukuma K., Matsuyamat T., et al. Cyclo-phosphamide-induced interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1984; 17: 41–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spector J. I., Zimbler H., Ross J. Early-onset cyclophospha-mide-induced interstitial pneumonitis. JAMA 1979; 242: 2852–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel A. R., Shah P. C., Rhee H. L., Sassoon H., Rao K. P. Cyclophosphamide therapy and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer 1976; 38: 1542–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topilow A. A., Rothenberg S. P., Cottrell T. S. Interstitial pneumonia after prolonged treatment with cyclophosphamide. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108: 114–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codling B. W., Chakera T. M. H. Pulmonary fibrosis following therapy with melphalan for multiple myeloma. J Clin Pathol 1972; 25: 668–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mufti G. J., Hamblin T. J., Gordon J. Melphalan-induced pulmonary fibrosis in osteosclerotic myeloma. Acta Haematol 1983; 69: 140–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubio F. A. Possible pulmonary effects of alkylating agents. N Engl J Med 1972; 287: 1150–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lane S. D., Besa E. C., Justh G., Joseph R. R. Fatal interstitial lung disease following high dose chlorambucil therapy (Abstract). Proc Am SOC Clin Oncol 1979; 20: 313
   Google Scholar
• Rose M. S. Busulphan toxicity syndrome caused by chlorambucil. Br Med J 1975; 2: 123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green B. The Hamman-Rich syndrome following treatment of lymphoma with chlorambucil. J La State Med Soc 1975; 127: 311–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirschner R. H., Esterly J. R. Pulmonary lesions associated with busulphan therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1971; 27: 1074–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips G. L., Fay J. W., Herzig G. P., et al. Intensive 1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cryopreserved au-tologous marrow transplantation for refractory cancer. Cancer 1983; 52: 1792–1802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart P., Buckner C. D., Thomas E. D., et al. Intensive chemotherapy with autologous marrow transplantation for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 7: 1055–9
   Google Scholar
• Tucci E., Verdiani P., Di Carlo S., Sforza V. Lomustine (CCNU)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Tumori 1986; 72: 95–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall M. A., Wohl M. E. B., Jaffe N. Lung function in adolescents receiving high dose methotrexate. Pediatrics 1979; 63: 741–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutin P. H., Green M. R., Bleyer W. A., Bauer V. L., Wiernik P. H., Walker M. D. Methotrexate pneumonitis induced by intra-thecal methotrexate therapy. Cancer 1976; 38: 1529–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lampert F. Lungenveranderungen bei der akuten lympho-blastischen Leukemie. Radiologe 1968; 8: 308–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okita H., Ho K., Taketomi Y., Fujimura K., Kuramoto A., Uchino H. Four patients with leukemia who showed especially atypical type interstitial pneumonia probably caused following the administration of anti-leukaemic drugs. Jpn J Clin Hematol 1974; 15: 764–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pesce C., Mansi C., Bogliolo G., Tobia F., Pannacciulli I. Pulmonary toxicity in mice after high-dose methotrexate administration with and without leucovorin rescue. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1985; 21: 875–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesbit M., Kirvit W., Heyn R., Sharp H. Acute and chronic effects of methotrexate on hepatic, pulmonary and skeletal systems. Cancer 1976; 37: 1048–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acute Leukemia Group B. Acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. Maintenance therapy with methotrexate administered intermittently. JAMA 1969; 207: 923–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson B. S., Cogan B. M., Keating M. J., Estey E. H., McCre-Die K. B., Freireich E. J. Subacute pulmonary failure complicating therapy with high-dose ara-C in acute leukemia. Cancer 1984; 56: 2181–4
   Google Scholar
• Bacigalupo A., Frassoni F., van Linth M. T., et al. Cyclosporin A in marrow transplantation for leukemia and aplastic anemia. Exp Hematol 1985; 13: 244–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sfiremen P. G., Ernst P., Panduro J., Møller J. Reduced lung function in leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Scand J Haematol 1984; 32: 253–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konits P. H., Aisner J., Sutherland J. C., Wiernik P. H. Possible pulmonary toxicity secondary to vinblastine. Cancer 1982; 50: 2771–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luedke D. L., McLaughlin T. T., Daughaday C., et al. Mitomycin C and vindesine associated pulmonary toxicity with variable clinical expression. Cancer 1985; 55: 542–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Commers J. R., Foley J. F. Pulmonary hyaline membrane disease occurring in the course of VM-26. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63: 2093–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haas C. D., Coltman C. A., Gottlieb J. A., et al. Phase II evaluation of bleomycin. A South West Oncology Group Study. Cancer 1976; 38: 8–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EORTC. Study of the clinical efficiency of bleomycin in human cancer. Br Med J 1970; 2: 643–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Depierre A., Lelli G., Weber B., et al. Phase II trial of pepleomycin (PEP) in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Third NCI-EORTC Symposium on New Drugs in Cancer Therapy (Abstract 98). Institute Jules qordet, Brussels 1981
   Google Scholar
• Orwoll E. S., Kiessling P. J., Patterson J. R. Interstitial pneumonia from mitomycin. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 352–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M. K., Comis R. L., Baker L. H., Ginsberg S., Fraile R. J., Crooke S. T. Mitomycin C in advanced adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 62: 163–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassady J. R., Richter M. P., Piro A. J., Jaffe N. Radiation-adria-mycin interactions: Preliminary clinical observations. Cancer 1975; 36: 946–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox J. D., Gingerelli F., Ream N. W., Maier J. G. Total pulmonary irradiation for metastases from testicular carcinoma. Radiology 1972; 105: 63–7
   Google Scholar
• Newton K. A., Spittle M. F. An analysis of 40 cases treated by total thoracic irradiation. Clin Radiol 1969; 20: 19–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun R. S., DoPico G. A., Olson C. E., Caldwell W. Low-dose radiation pneumonitis. Cancer 1975; 35: 1322–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sicik B. I., Collins J. M., Mimnaugh E. G., et al. Improved therapeutic index of bleomycin when administered by continuous infusion in mice. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 62: 2011–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng Y. M., Alberts D. S., Chen H. S., Mason N., Moon T. E. Antitumor activity and plasma kinetics of bleomycin by continuous and intermittent administration. Br J Cancer 1980; 41: 644–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper K. R., Hong W. K. Prospective study of the pulmonary toxicity of continously infused bleomycin. Cancer Treat Rep 1981; 65: 419–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg S. J., Crooke S. T., Bloomfield C. D., et al. Cyclophos-phamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and low-dose continuous infusion bleomycin in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer 1982; 49: 1346–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach A., Eichen T. Radiological changes of the lung following bleomycin therapy. Radiologe 1984; 24: 125–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalgleish A. G., Woods R. L., Levi J. A. Bleornycin pulmonary toxicity: Its relationship to renal dysfunction. Med Pediatr Oncol 1984; 12: 313–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeLena M., Guzzon A., Monfardini S., Bonadonna G. Clinical radiological and histopathological studies on pulmonary toxicity induced by treatment with bleomycin. Cancer Che-mother Rep 1972; 56: 343–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldiner P. L., Schweizer O. The hazards of anesthesia and surgery in bleomycin-treated patients. Semin Oncol 1979; 6: 121–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozols R. F., Hogan W. M., Ostchega Y., Young R. C. MVP (mi-tomycin, vinblastine, and progesterone): A second-line regimen in ovarian cancer with a high incidence of pulmonary toxicity. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 721–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louie A. C., Evans T. L., Sikic B. I. Interaction of other antican-cer drugs with bleomycin in animal model of pulmonary toxicity (Abstract). Proc Am Assoc Res 1980; 21: 291
   Google Scholar
• Schrier D. J., Phan S. H. Modulation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 1984; 116: 270–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer K. A., Skarin A. T., Balikian J. P., Garnick M. B., Rosenthal D. S., Canellos G. P. Pulmonary complications associated with combination chemotherapy programs containing bleomycin. Am J Med 1983; 74: 557–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Barneveld P. W. C., Seijfer D. T., van der Mark T. W., et al. Influence of platinum-induced renal toxicity on bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity in patients with disseminated testicular carcinoma. Oncology 1984; 41: 4–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomer W. D., Hellmann S. Normal tissue responses to radiation therapy. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 80–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips G. L., Herzig R. H., Hillard M. L., et al. Treatment of resistant malignant lymphoma with cyclophosphamide, total body irradiation and transplantation of cryopreserved auto-logous marrow. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1557–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trask C. W., Joannides T., Harper P. G., et al. Radiation-induced lung fibrosis after treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung with very high-dose cyclophosphamide. Cancer 1985; 55: 57–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelbaum F. R., Meyers J. D., Fefer A., et al. Nonbacterial pneumonia following marrow transplantation in 100 identical twins. Transplantation 1982; 33: 265–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein D. S., Wilds P. R. Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents: Anaesthetic and postoperative implications. Can Anaesth Soc J 1983; 30: 399–405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catane R., Schwade J. G., Turrusi A. T., Webber B. L., Path M. F., Muggia F. M. Pulmonary toxicity after radiation and bleomycin: A review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1979; 5: 1513–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nygaard K., Smith-Erichsen N., Hatlevoll R., Refsum S. B. Pulmonary complications after bleomycin, irradiation and surgery for oesophageal cancer. Cancer 1978; 41: 17–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takabe Y., Miyamoto R., Watanabe M., Terasima T. Syner-gism of X-rays and bleomycin on Erlich asites tumor cells. Br J Cancer 1977; 36: 391–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansfield C. M., Kimler B. F., Henderson S. D., Svoboda D. J., Vats T. S. Interaction of radiation and bleomycin on the development of pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Phys 1981; 7: 12634
   Google Scholar
• Einhom L., Krause M., Hornback N., Furnas B. Enhanced pulmonary toxicity with bleomycin and radiotheray in oat cell lung cancer. Cancer 1976; 37: 2414–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould V. E., Tosco R., Wheelis R. F., Gould N. S., Kapanci Y. Oxygen pneumonitis in man. Lab Invest 1972; 26: 499–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse C. C., Sigler C., Lock S., Hakkinen P. J., Haschuk W. M., Witachin H. P. Pulmonary toxicity of cyclophosphamide: A 1-year study. Exp Mol Pathol 1985; 42: 251–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakin J. B., Cahill R. A. Generalized urticaria to cyclophosphamide: Type I hypersensitivity to an immunosuppressive agent. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1976; 58: 160–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franklin R., Buroker T. R., Vaishampayan G. V., Vaitkevicious V. K. Combined therapies in esophageal squamous cell cancer (Abstract). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1979; 20: 223
   Google Scholar
• Rubery E. D., Lindop M. J. Bleomycin lung and preoperative oxygen tension in teratoma patients. Germ cell tumours, C. K. Anderson, W. G. Jones, A. M. Ward. Taylor & Francis, London 1981; 381–3
   Google Scholar
• Douglas M. J., Coppin C. M. L. Bleomycin and subsequent anesthesia: A retrospective study at Vancouver general hospital. Canad Anaesth SOC J 1980; 27: 449–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hulbert J. C., Grossman J. E., Cummings K. B. Risk factors of anaesthesia and surgery in bleomycin-treated patients. J Urol 1983; 130: 1634
   Google Scholar
• Lamantia K. G., Glick J. H., Marshall B. E. Supplemental oxygen does not cause respiratory failure in bleomycin-treated surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1984; 60: 65–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen S. C., Riddell G. S., Butchart E. G. Bleomycin therapy and anesthesia. Anesthesia 1981; 36: 60–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyrka F. A., Godleski J. J., Brain J. D. Differences in effects of immediate and delayed hyperoxia exposure on bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury. Cancer Treat Rep 1984; 68: 759–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulkerson W. J. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 511–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall C. P., Gaensler E. A., Camngton C. B., Hayes J. A. Comparison of transbronchial and open biopsies in chronic infiltra-tive lung diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 280–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio J. N., Lynch J. P., III. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the immunocompromised host: the significance of a ‘nospecific’ transbronchial biopsy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 307–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson B. D., Sallowski W. E., Tang T. T., Spruance S. L. Value of open-lung biopsy in 87 immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Cancer 1985; 55: 453–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kovacs J. A., Ng V. L., Masur H., et al. -Diagnosis of Pneumo-cystis carinii pneumonia: Improved detection in spurum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 589–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman N. Diagnostic procedures in infectious and inflammatory lung diseases. Nord Med 1988; 103: 23841
   Google Scholar
• Hughes W. T. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (Editorial). N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1021–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes W. T., Rivera G. K., Schnell M. J., Thomton D., Lott L. Successful intermittent chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1627–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iriarte P. V., Hananian J., Cortner J. A. Central nervous system leukemia and solid tumors of childhood Treatment with I, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Cancer 1966; 19: 1187–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schallier D., Impens N., Warson F., van Belle S., De Wash G. Additive pulmonary toxicity with melphalan and busulphan therapy. Chest 1983; 84: 492–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown G. W., Hasan F. M., Barbee R. A. Reversibility of severe bleomycin-induced pneumonitis. JAMA 1978; 239: 2012–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCusker K., Dorman R. A., Nicholson D. P., Hough A. J. Reversible pulmonary injury after a small dose of bleomycin. South Med J 1983; 76: 1447–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Neill T. J., Kardinal C. G., Tierny L. M. Reversible, interstitial pneumonitis associated with low-dose bleomycin. Chest 1975; 68: 265–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar