Carcinoid Heart Disease A cardiologist's viewpoint

References

• Cassidy MA. Abdominal carcinomatosis, with probable adrenal involvement. Proc R Soc Med 1930; 24: 139–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isler P, Hedinger C. Metastasierendes Dünndarm-carcinoid mit schweren, vorwiegend das rechte Herz betreffenden Klappenfehlern und Pulmonalstenose—ein eigenartiger Symptomenkomplex?. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1953; 83: 4–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaum F F, Santer D G, Claudon DB. Essential telangiectasia, pulmonic and tricuspid stenosis, and neoplastic liver disease. A possible new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1953; 42: 941–2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson Å, Biörck G, Björkman G, Waldenström J. Malignant carcinoid of the small intestine with metastases to the liver, valvular disease of the right side of the heart (pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation with septal defects), peripheral vasomotor symptoms, bronchoconstriction, and an unusual type of cyanosis. Am Heart J 1954; 47: 795–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross E M, Roberts WC. The carcinoid syndrome: Comparison of 21 necropsy subjects with carcinoid heart disease to 15 subjects without carcinoid heart disease. Am J Med 1985; 79: 339–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin L, Norheim I, Landelius J, Oberg K, Theodorsson- Norheim E. Carcinoid heart disease: relationship of circulating vasoactive substances to ultrasound detectable cardiac abnormalities. Circulation 1988; 77: 264–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öberg K, Persson U M, Alm G, Eriksson B. Long-term treatment with alpha interferons of patients with malignant carcinoid tumors—The six year experience. The biology of the interferon system 1988, Y Kawade, S Kobayashi. Kodansha Sci Ltd, Tokyo 1989; 219–25
   Google Scholar
• Norheim I, Öberg K, Theodorsson-Norheim E, et al. Malignant carcinoid tumors. An analysis of 103 patients with regard to tumor localization, hormone production, and survival. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 115–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh J, Cates J E, Pugh DW. Carcinoid heart disease. Br Heart J 1959; 21: 369–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts W C, Sjoerdsma A. The cardiac disease associated with the carcinoid syndrome (carcinoid heart disease). Am J Med 1964; 36: 5–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolinsky H, Van der Bel J, Cohen L, Runniger K, Glagov S. Cinical pathologic conference. Am Heart J 1968; 75: 799–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig J. Cardiac vein involvement in carcinoid syndrome: Possible evidence of retrograde blood flow in cardiac veins in tricuspid insufficiency. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 55: 617–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trell E, Rausing A, Ripa J, Torp A, Waldenstrom J. Carcinoid heart disease. Clinicopathologic findings and follow-up in 11 cases. Am J Med 1973; 54: 433–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrans V J, Roberts WC. The carcinoid endocardial plaque. An ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 1976; 7: 387–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin L, Funa K, Hansson H E, Wilander E, Öberg K. Histochemical and immunohistochemical morphology of carincoid heart disease. Pathol Res Pract 1991; 187: 73–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald R A, Robbins SL. Pathology of the heart in the carcinoid syndrome. AMA Arch Pathol 1957; 63: 103–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amoury RA. Heart disease and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. A case report and review of pathophysiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms. Am J Surg 1970; 119: 585–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller H G, Siebenmann RE. Ultrastructur der Endokard-veranderungen beim Carcinoidsyndrom. Virchows Arch [A] 1981; 391: 33–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickman N E, Rossi P A, Massumkhani G A, Hall RJ. Carcinoid heart disease: A clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic update. Curr Probl Cardiol 1982; 6: 1–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorvinger B, Lundstedt C, Martensson H. Chest radiography in the carcinoid syndrome. Acta Radiol 1987; 28: 49–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard R J, Drobac M, Rider W D, et al. Carcinoid heart disease: Diagnosis by two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1982; 66: 1059–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan J A, Wroblewski E M, Reeder G S, Edwards W D, Seward J B, Tajik AJ. echocardiography features of carcinoid heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 762–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid C L, Chandraratna P AN, Kawanishi D T, Pitha J V, Rahimtoola SH. Echocadiographic features of carcinoid heart disease. Am Heart J 1984; 107: 801–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman M B, Byrd B F, Oates J A, Robertson RM. Two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of carcinoid heart disease. Am Heart J 1984; 107: 492–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin L, Landelius J, Andren B, Oberg K. Transesophageal echocardiography improves the value of cardiac ultrasound in patients with carcinoid heart disease. Br Heart J 1990; 64: 190–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charms B L, Kohn P, Applebaum H I, Geller J. Hemodynamic studies in a case of carcinoid cardiovascular syndrome. Circulation 1959; 20: 208–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster J F, Leon D F, Leonard JJ. Carcinoid heart disease with tricuspid stenosis and pulmonic insufficiency. Am J Cardiol 1966; 17: 265–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariff M, Gould L. Carcinoid heart disease. Importance of cardiac catheterization. J Cardiovasc Surg 1969; 10: 400–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts W C, Mason D T, Wright LD. The nondistensable right atrium of carcinoid disease of the heart. Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 44: 627–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire M R, Pugh D M, Dunn MI. Carcinoid heart disease. Restrictive cardiomyopathy as a late complication. J Kansas Med Soc 1978; 79: 661–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwaber J R, Lukas DS. Hyperkinemia and cardiac failure in the carcinoid syndrome. Am J Med 1962; 32: 846–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin L, Öberg K, Landelius J, Hansson H E, Wilander E, Theodorsson E. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in carcinoid heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 969–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin L, Hansson H E, Landelius J, Oberg K. Surgical treatment of carcinoid heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 553–61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins P A, Hall J A, Shapiro LM. Balloon dilatation of tricuspid stenosis caused by carcinoid heart disease. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 249–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar