Definitive radical external beam radiotherapy for rectal cancer: Evaluation of local effectiveness and risk of late small bowel damage

References

• Bach SP, Hill J, Monson JR, Simson JN, Lane L, Merrie A, et al. A predictive model for local recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2009; 96:280–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard JP, Chapet O, Nemoz C, Hartweig J, Romestaing P, Coquard R, et al. Improved sphincter preservation in low rectal cancer with high-dose preoperative radiotherapy: The Lyon R96-02 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2404–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frykholm GJ, Påhlman L, Glimelius B. Treatment of local recurrences of rectal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 1995;34:185–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim L, Chao M, Shapiro J, Millar JL, Kipp D, Rezo A, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with localized rectal cancer treated with chemoradiation or radiotherapy alone because of medical inoperability or patient refusal. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:2032–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overgaard M, Overgaard J, Sell A. Dose-response relationship for radiation therapy of recurrent, residual, and primarily inoperable rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 1984; 1:217–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rades D, Kuhn H, Schultze J, Homann N, Brandenburg B, Schulte R, et al. Prognostic factors affecting locally recurrent rectal cancer and clinical significance of hemoglobin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:1087–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RE, Kerr GR, Arnott SJ. External beam radiotherapy for rectal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 1987;74:455–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Cummings B, Catton P, Dawson L, Kim J, Ringash J, et al. Primary radical external beam radiotherapy of rectal adenocarcinoma: Long term outcome of 271 patients. Radiother Oncol 2005;77:126–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada S, Yanagi T, Hara R, et al. Carbon ion therapy for patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;72(Suppl):131. [Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Overgaard M, Bertelsen K, Dalmark M, Gadeberg CC, von der Maase H, Overgaard J, et al. A randomized feasibility study evaluating the effect of radiotherapy alone or combined with 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of locally recurrent or inoperable colorectal carcinoma. Acta Oncol 1993;32:547–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rominger CJ, Gunderson LL, Gelber RD, Conner N. Radiation therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of residual or inoperable carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid or pelvic recurrence following colorectal surgery. Am J Clin Oncol 1985;8:118–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CS, Cummings BJ, Keane TJ, O’Sullivan B, Catton CN. Results of external beam irradiation for rectal carcinomas locally recurrent after local excision or electrocoagulation. Radiother Oncol 1991;22:145–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lybeert ML, Martijn H, de Neve W, Crommelin MA, Ribot JG. Radiotherapy for locoregional relapses of rectal carcinoma after initial radical surgery: Definite but limited influence on relapse-free survival and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;24:241–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard JP, Chapet O, Ortholan C, Benezery K, Barbet N, Romestaing P. French experience with contact X-ray endocavitary radiation for early rectal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007;19:661–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, Mineur L, Maingon P, Radosevic-Jelic L, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1114–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Berglund A, Birkemeyer E, Frykholm G, Påhlman L, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 3687–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Proscurshim I, Campos FG, Nadalin W, Kiss D, et al. Patterns of failure and survival for nonoperative treatment of stage c0 distal rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10:1319–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AR, Martenson JA, Nelson H, Schleck CD, Ilstrup DM, Gunderson LL, et al. The incidence and clinical consequences of treatment-related bowel injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:817–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JD, Stetz J, Pajak TF. Toxicity criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;31:1341–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider RA, Vitolo V, Albertini F, et al. High-dose, spot scanning based proton therapy for paraspinal/ retroperitoneal neoplasms and small bowel tolerance: Dose distribution analysis in a patient cohort. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual ASTRO Meeting. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78(Suppl):133 [Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Glanzmann C. Late effects after high-voltage radiation therapy in the region of the minor pelvis: Experience with more than 1000 patients between 1950 and 1977. Strahlentherapie 1980;156:678–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letschert JG, Lebesque JV, de Boer RW, Hart AA, Bartelink H. Dose-volume correlation in radiation-related late small-bowel complications: A clinical study. Radiother Oncol 1990;18:307–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher MJ, Brereton HD, Rostock RA, Zero JM, Zekoski DA, Poyss LF, et al. A prospective study of treatment techniques to minimize the volume of pelvic small bowel with reduction of acute and late effects associated with pelvic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1986;12:1565–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharton JT, Jones HW 3rd,Day TG Jr, Rutledge FN, Fletcher GH. Preirradiation celiotomy and extended field irradiation for invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1977;49:333–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piver MS, Barlow JJ. High dose irradiation to biopsy confirmed aortic node metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 1977;39:1243–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak AC, Rich TA, Schultheiss TE, Kavanagh B, Ota DM, Romsdahl MM. Late complications of postoperative radiation therapy for cancer of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;28:597–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskin PJ, de Canha SM, Bownes P, Bryant L, Glynne Jones R. High dose rate afterloading intraluminal brachytherapy for advanced inoperable rectal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2004;73:195–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CC, Schulz MD. The role of radiation therapy in the management of carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectosigmoid, and rectum. Radiology 1962;79:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes R, Harrison M, Glynne-Jones R. Could a wait and see policy be justified in T3/4 rectal cancers after chemo-radiotherapy?Acta Oncol 2010;49:378–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Myint A, Lee CD, Snee AJ, Perkins K, Jelley FE, Wong H. High dose rate brachytherapy as a boost after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for more advanced rectal tumours: The Clatterbridge experience. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007;19:711–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Haas-Kock DF, Buijsen J, Pijls-Johannesma M, Lutgens L, Lammering G, van Mastrigt GA, et al. Concomitant hyperthermia and radiation therapy for treating locally advanced rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;8:CD006269.
   Google Scholar