Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A cohort study of 16 928 women 48 years and older

References

• Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:229–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R, Straif K, Secretan B. Carcinogenicity of combined estrogen-progestagen contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 2005;91.
   Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormone Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormone Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: A collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997;350:1047–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, Stefanick ML. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. New Engl J Med 2009;360:573–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton A. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases breast-cancer risk. Lancet Oncol 2006;7:712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Holmes MD, Willett WC, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1027–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SA, Ross RK, Pike MC. An overview of menopausal estrogen-progestin hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2005;92:2049–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003;362:419–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine C, Liebens F, Carly B, Pastijn A, Rozenberg S. Influence of HRT on prognostic factors for breast cancer: A systematic review after the Women’s Health Initiative trial. Hum Reprod 2004;19:741–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opatrny L, Dell’Aniello S, Assouline S, Suissa S. Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer. Br J Obstetr Gynecol 2008;115:169–75.
   Google Scholar
• Beral V, Reeves G, Bull D, Green J. Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:296–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F. Carcinogenicity of estrogen-progestagen contraceptives and menopausal treatment. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:552–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantakumar S, Terry MB, Paykin A, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Moorman PG, et al. Age and menopausal effects of hormonal birth control and hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165:1187–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinton LA, Brogan DR, Coates RJ, Swanson CA, Potischman N, Stanford JL. Breast cancer risk among women under 55 years of age by joint effects of usage of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 1998;5:145–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson H, Bladstrom A, Ingvar C, Moller TR. A population-based cohort study of HRT use and breast cancer in southern Sweden. Br J Cancer 2001;85:674–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursin G, Tseng CC, Paganini-Hill A, Enger S, Wan PC, Formenti S, et al. Does menopausal hormone replacement therapy interact with known factors to increase risk of breast cancer?. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman SA, Berlin JA, Weber AL, Strom BL, Daling JR, Weiss LK, et al. Combined effect of oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:933–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumeaux V, Fournier A, Lund E, RL, Clavel-Chapelon F. Previous oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk according to hormone replacement therapy use among postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2005;16: 537–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund E, Bakken K, Dumeaux V, Andersen V, Kumle M. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer in former users of oral contraceptives – The Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int J Cancer 2007;121:645–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdardottir L, Jonasson JG, Stefansdottir S, Jonasdottir A, Olafsdottir GH, Olafsdottir EJ, et al. Data quality at the Icelandic Cancer Registry: Comparability, validity, timeliness and completeness. Acta Oncol 2012;51:880–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannfreðsdóttir VF, Tryggvadóttir L, Tulinius H, Gudmundsdóttir GB. Pattern of use of oral contraceptives in the period 1965 to 1989. Laeknabladid 1996;82:460–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ármannsdóttir B, Tryggvadóttir L, Jónasson JG, Ólafsdottir EJ, Gudmundsson JA. Use of hormone replacement therapy by Icelandic women in the years 1996–2001. Laeknabladid 2004;90:471–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossoux JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al;. Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck AO, Seeger H. Breast cancer: Are estrogen metabolites carcinogenic?. Climacteric 2007;10(Suppl 2):62–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger H, Mueck AO. Are the progestins responsible for breast cancer risk during hormone therapy in the postmenopause?. Experimental vs. clinical data. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008;109:11–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersig C. Progestin and breast cancer. The missing pieces of a puzzle. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008;51:782–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar