Bioavailability of anthocyanins

References

• Andlauer W, Stumpf C, Frank K, et al. (2003). Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside in the isolated rat small intestine is not influenced by ethanol. Eur J Nutr 42:217–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres-Lacueva C, Shukitt-Hale B, Galli RL, et al. (2005). Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory. Nutr Neurosci 8:111–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aura AM, Martin-Lopez P, O'Leary KA, et al. (2005). In vitro metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora. Eur J Nutr 44:133–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila M, Hidalgo M, Sanchez-Moreno C, et al. (2009). Bioconversion of anthocyanin glycosides by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. Food Res Int 42:1453–1461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzini E, Vitaglione P, Intorre F, et al. (2010). Bioavailability of strawberry antioxidants in human subjects. Br J Nutr 104:1165–1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldini G, Passamonti S, Lunazzi GC, et al. (1986). Cellular-localization of sulfobromophthalein transport activity in rat-liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 856:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A, Du M, Leyva MJ, et al. (2010a). Blueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 140:1582–1587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A, Rhone M, Lyons TJ. (2010b). Berries: Emerging impact on cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev 68:168–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beking K, Vieira A. (2011). An assessment of dietary flavonoid intake in the UK and Ireland. Int J Food Sci Nutr 62:17–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermudez-Soto MJ, Tomas-Barberan FA, Garcia-Conesa MT. (2007). Stability of polyphenols in chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) subjected to in vitro gastric and pancreatic digestion. Food Chem 102:865–874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrin JG, McLauchlan WR, Needs P, et al. (2002). Functional expression of human liver cytosolic beta-glucosidase in Pichia pastoris. Insights into its role in the metabolism of dietary glucosides. Eur J Biochem 269:249–258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhagwat S, Haytowitz DB, Wasswa-Kintu SI, et al. (2013). USDA develops a database for flavonoids to assess dietary intakes. 36th National Nutrient Databank Conference 2:81–86
   Google Scholar
• Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M, et al. (2013). Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis – An open pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 7:271–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges G, Lean ME, Roberts SA, et al. (2013). Bioavailability of dietary (poly)phenols: A study with ileostomists to discriminate between absorption in small and large intestine. Food Funct 4:754–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges G, Roowi S, Rouanet JM, et al. (2007). The bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:714–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bub A, Watzl B, Heeb D, et al. (2001). Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Eur J Nutr 40:113–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrita L, Petrov V, Pina F. (2014). On the thermal degradation of anthocyanidins: Cyanidin. Rsc Adv 4:18939–18944
   Google Scholar
• Cai H, Thomasset SC, Berry DP, et al. (2011). Determination of anthocyanins in the urine of patients with colorectal liver metastases after administration of bilberry extract. Biomed Chromatogr 25:660–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carkeet C, Clevidence BA, Novotny JA. (2008). Anthocyanin excretion by humans increases linearly with increasing strawberry dose. J Nutr 138:897–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy A, O'Reilly EJ, Kay C, et al. (2011). Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 93:338–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda-Ovando A, Pacheco-Hernandez MD, Paez-Hernandez ME, et al. (2009). Chemical studies of anthocyanins: A review. Food Chem 113:859–871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charron CS, Kurilich AC, Clevidence BA, et al. (2009). Bioavailability of anthocyanins from purple carrot juice: Effects of acylation and plant matrix. J Agric Food Chem 57:1226–1230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AY, Chen YC. (2013). A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention. Food Chem 138:2099–2107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Wang D, Wang LS, et al. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid in mouse and its quantification in human plasma using LC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 908:39–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crozier A, Del Rio D, Clifford MN. (2010). Bioavailability of dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Mol Aspects Med 31:446–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czank C, Cassidy A, Zhang Q, et al. (2013). Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: A (13)C-tracer study. Am J Clin Nutr 97:995–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dacre JC, Williams RT. (1968). The role of the tissues and gut micro-organisms in the metabolism of [14C]protocatechuic acid in the rat. Aromatic dehydroxylation. J Pharm Pharmacol 20:610–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ferrars RM, Czank C, Zhang Q, et al. (2014). The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans. Br J Pharmacol 171:3268–3282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JP, et al. (2013). Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: Structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 18:1818–1892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohadwala MM, Holbrook M, Hamburg NM, et al. (2011). Effects of cranberry juice consumption on vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 93:934–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreiseitel A, Oosterhuis B, Vukman KV, et al. (2009). Berry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins exhibit distinct affinities for the efflux transporters BCRP and MDR1. Br J Pharmacol 158:1942–1950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge AL, Haytowitz D, Bhagwat S, et al. (2003). Flavonoid content of vegetables: The USDA's Flavonoid Database. FASEB J 17:A766–A767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias MM, Lunazzi GC, Passamonti S, et al. (1990). Bilitranslocase localization and function in basolateral plasma-membrane of renal proximal tubule in rat. Am J Physiol 259:F559–F564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J. (2014). Some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa: Extensive presystemic metabolism reduces apparent bioavailability. J Agric Food Chem 62:3904–3911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria A, Pestana D, Azevedo J, et al. (2009). Absorption of anthocyanins through intestinal epithelial cells – Putative involvement of GLUT2. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:1430–1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felgines C, Krisa S, Mauray A, et al. (2010). Radiolabelled cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is poorly absorbed in the mouse. Br J Nutr 103:1738–1745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felgines C, Talavera S, Gonthier MP, et al. (2003). Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. J Nutr 133:1296–1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felgines C, Talavera S, Texier O, et al. (2005). Blackberry anthocyanins are mainly recovered from urine as methylated and glucuronidated conjugates in humans. J Agr Food Chem 53:7721–7727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felgines C, Texier O, Besson C, et al. (2002). Blackberry anthocyanins are slightly bioavailable in rats. J Nutr 132:1249–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes I, de Freitas V, Reis C, et al. (2012). A new approach on the gastric absorption of anthocyanins. Food Funct 3:508–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleschhut J, Kratzer F, Rechkemmer G, et al. (2006). Stability and biotransformation of various dietary anthocyanins in vitro. Eur J Nutr 45:7–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forester SC, Waterhouse AL. (2008). Identification of Cabernet Sauvignon anthocyanin gut microflora metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 56:9299–9304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank T, Netzel M, Strass G, et al. (2003). Bioavailability of anthocyanidin-3-glucosides following consumption of red wine and red grape juice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81:423–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacalone M, Di Sacco F, Traupe I, et al. (2011). Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of blueberry polyphenols: A critical review. Nutr Neurosci 14:119–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill CI, McDougall GJ, Glidewell S, et al. (2010). Profiling of phenols in human fecal water after raspberry supplementation. J Agric Food Chem 58:10389–10395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Barrio R, Borges G, Mullen W, et al. (2010). Bioavailability of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following consumption of raspberries by healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. J Agric Food Chem 58:3933–3939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Barrio R, Edwards CA, Crozier A. (2011). Colonic catabolism of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and raspberry anthocyanins: In vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos 39:1680–1688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X, Chen X, Li L, et al. (2008). LC-MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of six phenolic components in rat plasma after taking traditional Chinese medicinal-preparation: Guanxinning lyophilized powder for injection. J Chromatogr B 873:51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanske L, Engst W, Loh G, et al. (2013). Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats. Br J Nutr 109:1433–1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassimotto NMA, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. (2008a). Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside extracted from wild mulberry (Morus nigra L.) in rats. Nutr Res 28:198–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassimotto NMA, Pinto MDS, Lajolo FM. (2008b). Antioxidant status in humans after consumption of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) juices with and without defatted milk. J Agr Food Chem 56:11727–11733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Magnuson BA, Giusti MM. (2005). Analysis of anthocyanins in rat intestinal contents-impact of anthocyanin chemical structure on fecal excretion. J Agric Food Chem 53:2859–2866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Wallace TC, Keatley KE, et al. (2009). Stability of black raspberry anthocyanins in the digestive tract lumen and transport efficiency into gastric and small intestinal tissues in the rat. J Agric Food Chem 57:3141–3148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo M, Oruna-Concha MJ, Kolida S, et al. (2012). Metabolism of anthocyanins by human gut microflora and their influence on gut bacterial growth. J Agric Food Chem 60:3882–3890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden JM, Bhagwat SA, Haytowitz DB, et al. (2005). Development of a database of critically evaluated flavonoids data: Application of USDA's data quality evaluation system. J Food Compos Anal 18:829–844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hribar U, Ulrih NP. (2014). The metabolism of anthocyanins. Curr Drug Metab 15:3–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyanagi T, Kashiwada Y, Shida Y, et al. (2013). Structural elucidation and biological fate of two glucuronyl metabolites of pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside in rats. J Agr Food Chem 61:569–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyanagi T, Rahman MM, Kashiwada Y, et al. (2004). Absorption and metabolism of delphinidin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 36:930–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyanagi T, Shida Y, Rahman MM, et al. (2006). Bioavailability and tissue distribution of anthocyanins in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54:6578–6587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakesevic M, Xu J, Aaby K, et al. (2013). Effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in combination with lactic acid bacteria on intestinal oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion in mouse. J Agric Food Chem 61:3468–3478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings A, Welch AA, Fairweather-Tait SJ, et al. (2012). Higher anthocyanin intake is associated with lower arterial stiffness and central blood pressure in women. Am J Clin Nutr 96:781–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Giron A, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Boto-Ordonez M, et al. (2013). Comparative study of microbial-derived phenolic metabolites in human feces after intake of gin, red wine, and dealcoholized red wine. J Agric Food Chem 61:3909–3915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurgonski A, Juskiewicz J, Zdunczyk Z. (2013). An anthocyanin-rich extract from Kamchatka honeysuckle increases enzymatic activity within the gut and ameliorates abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. Nutrition 29:898–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, et al. (2006). Studies on apple and blueberry fruit constituents: Do the polyphenols reach the colon after ingestion? Mol Nutr Food Res 50:418–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalt W, Blumberg JB, McDonald JE, et al. (2008). Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs. J Agric Food Chem 56:705–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay CD. (2006). Aspects of anthocyanin absorption, metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans. Nutr Res Rev 19:137–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay CD, Hooper L, Kroon PA, et al. (2012). Relative impact of flavonoid composition, dose and structure on vascular function: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of flavonoid-rich food products. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:1605–1616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay CD, Mazza GJ, Holub BJ. (2005). Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites in adult men. J Nutr 135:2582–2588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppler K, Humpf HU. (2005). Metabolism of anthocyanins and their phenolic degradation products by the intestinal microflora. Bioorg Med Chem 13:5195–5205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon PA, Clifford MN, Crozier A, et al. (2004). How should we assess the effects of exposure to dietary polyphenols in vitro? Am J Clin Nutr 80:15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurilich AC, Clevidence BA, Britz SJ, et al. (2005). Plasma and urine responses are lower for acylated versus nonacylated anthocyanins from raw and cooked purple carrots. J Agr Food Chem 53:6537–6542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestro A, Terdoslavich M, Vanzo A, et al. (2010). Expression of bilitranslocase in the vascular endothelium and its function as a flavonoid transporter. Cardiovasc Res 85:175–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallery SR, Budendorf DE, Larsen MP, et al. (2011). Effects of human oral mucosal tissue, saliva, and oral microflora on intraoral metabolism and bioactivation of black raspberry anthocyanins. Cancer Prev Res 4:1209–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, et al. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81:230S–242S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marczylo TH, Cooke D, Brown K, et al. (2009). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent cyanidin-3-glucoside in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 64:1261–1268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Ichiyanagi T, Iida H, et al. (2006). Ingested delphinidin-3-rutinoside is primarily excreted to urine as the intact form and to bile as the methylated form in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54:578–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Inaba H, Kishi M, et al. (2001). Orally administered delphinidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside are directly absorbed in rats and humans and appear in the blood as the intact forms. J Agr Food Chem 49:1546–1551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuschek MC, Hendriks WH, McGhie TK, et al. (2006). The jejunum is the main site of absorption for anthocyanins in mice. J Nutr Biochem 17:31–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza G, Kay CD, Cottrell T, et al. (2002). Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. J Agr Food Chem 50:7731–7737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough ML, Peterson JJ, Patel R, et al. (2012). Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 95:454–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milbury PE, Cao GH, Prior RL, et al. (2002). Bioavailablility of elderberry anthocyanins. Mech Ageing Dev 123:997–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mink PJ, Scrafford CG, Barraj LM, et al. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: A prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 85:895–909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K, Kudo M, et al. (1999). Direct intestinal absorption of red fruit anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, into rats and humans. J Agric Food Chem 47:1083–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulleder U, Murkovic M, Pfannhauser W. (2002). Urinary excretion of cyanidin glycosides. J Biochem Biophys Methods 53:61–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullen W, Edwards CA, Serafini M, et al. (2008). Bioavailability of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and its metabolites in humans following the ingestion of strawberries with and without cream. J Agr Food Chem 56:713–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth K, Plumb GW, Berrin J-G, et al. (2003). Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell beta-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur J Nutr 42:29–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolin V, Grill V, Micali F, et al. (2005). Immunolocalisation of bilitranslocase in mucosecretory and parietal cells of the rat gastric mucosa. J Mol Histol 36:45–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen ILF, Dragsted LO, Ravn-Haren G, et al. (2003). Absorption and excretion of black currant anthocyanins in humans and watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. J Agr Food Chem 51:2813–2820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurmi T, Mursu J, Heinonen M, et al. (2009). Metabolism of berry anthocyanins to phenolic acids in humans. J Agr Food Chem 57:2274–2281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti S, Terdoslavich M, Franca R, et al. (2009). Bioavailability of flavonoids: A review of their membrane transport and the function of bilitranslocase in animal and plant organisms. Curr Drug Metab 10:369–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti S, Vanzo A, Vrhovsek U, et al. (2005a). Hepatic uptake of grape anthocyanins and the role of bilitranslocase. Food Res Int 38:953–960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F. (2002). The interaction of anthocyanins with bilitranslocase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296:631–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Vanzo A, et al. (2003). The stomach as a site for anthocyanins absorption from food. FEBS Lett 544:210–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti S, Vrhovsek U, Vanzo A, et al. (2005b). Fast access of some grape pigments to the brain. J Agr Food Chem 53:7029–7034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Jimenez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, et al. (2011). Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr 93:1220–1228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior RL, Wu XL. (2006). Anthocyanins: Structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities. Free Radical Res 40:1014–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell WR, Duthie G. (2011). Plant secondary metabolites and gut health: The case for phenolic acids. Proc Nutr Soc 70:389–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell WR, Scobbie L, Labat A, et al. (2009). Selective bio-availability of phenolic acids from Scottish strawberries. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:S85–S91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Patan F, Cueva C, Monagas M, et al. (2012). In vitro fermentation of a red wine extract by human gut microbiota: Changes in microbial groups and formation of phenolic metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 60:2136–2147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini M, Testa MF, Villano D, et al. (2009). Antioxidant activity of blueberry fruit is impaired by association with milk. Free Radical Bio Med 46:769–774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shargel L, Yu ABC, Wu-Pong S. (2012). Applied biopharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics. New York: McGraw-Hill
   Google Scholar
• Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, et al. (2012). Gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability of (poly)phenolic compounds following ingestion of Concord grape juice by humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:497–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert RE, Ditscheid B, Netzel M, et al. (2008). Absorption of black currant anthocyanins by monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells mounted in ussing type chambers. J Agric Food Chem 56:4995–5001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studdert VP, Gay CC, Blood DC. (2012). Saunders comprehensive veterinary dictionary. Edinburgh, New York: Saunders Elsevier
   Google Scholar
• Stull AJ, Cash KC, Johnson WD, et al. (2010). Bioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and women. J Nutr 140:1764–1768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talavera S, Felgines C, Texier O, et al. (2003). Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the stomach in anesthetized rats. J Nutr 133:4178–4182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talavera S, Felgines C, Texier O, et al. (2004). Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small intestine in rats. J Nutr 134:2275–2279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talavera S, Felgines C, Texier O, et al. (2005). Anthocyanin metabolism in rats and their distribution to digestive area, kidney, and brain. J Agric Food Chem 53:3902–3908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian QG, Giusti MM, Stoner GD, et al. (2006). Urinary excretion of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) anthocyanins and their metabolites. J Agr Food Chem 54:1467–1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touvier M, Druesne-Pecollo N, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. (2012). Dual association between polyphenol intake and breast cancer risk according to alcohol consumption level: A prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 137:225–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda T. (2012). Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: Biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:159–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda T, Horio F, Osawa T. (1999). Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside in rats. FEBS Lett 449:179–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanzo A, Terdoslavich M, Brandoni A, et al. (2008). Uptake of grape anthocyanins into the rat kidney and the involvement of bilitranslocase. Mol Nutr Food Res 52:1106–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanzo A, Vrhovsek U, Tramer F, et al. (2011). Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver. J Nat Prod 74:1049–1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrame S, Guglielmetti S, Riso P, et al. (2011). Six-week consumption of a wild blueberry powder drink increases bifidobacteria in the human gut. J Agr Food Chem 59:12815–12820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione P, Donnarumma G, Napolitano A, et al. (2007). Protocatechuic acid is the major human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides. J Nutr 137:2043–2048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton MC, Hendriks WH, Broomfield AM, et al. (2009). Viscous food matrix influences absorption and excretion but not metabolism of blackcurrant anthocyanins in rats. J Food Sci 74:H22–H29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton MC, McGhie TK, Reynolds GW, et al. (2006). The flavonol quercetin-3-glucoside inhibits cyanidin-3-glucoside absorption in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 54:4913–4920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward G, Kroon P, Cassidy A, et al. (2009). Anthocyanin stability and recovery: Implications for the analysis of clinical and experimental samples. J Agric Food Chem 57:5271–5278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward GM, Needs PW, Kay CD. (2011). Anthocyanin-derived phenolic acids form glucuronides following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and microsomal glucuronidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:378–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, et al. (2006). Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem 54:4069–4075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Cao G, Prior RL. (2002). Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry. J Nutr 132:1865–1871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Pittman HE, Mckay S, et al. (2005). Aglycones and sugar moieties alter anthocyanin absorption and metabolism after berry consumption in weanling pigs. J Nutr 135:2417–2424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XL, Pittman HE, Prior RL. (2004). Pelargonidin is absorbed and metabolized differently than cyanidin after marionberry consumption in pigs. J Nutr 134:2603–2610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi W, Akoh CC, Fischer J, et al. (2006). Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberry extracts by caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers. J Agric Food Chem 54:5651–5658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Ros R, Agudo A, Lujan-Barroso L, et al. (2012). Dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and gastric adenocarcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr 96:1398–1408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Lujan-Barroso L, et al. (2011). Estimation of the intake of anthocyanidins and their food sources in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr 106:1090–1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar