497
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in pharmacogenomics and their association with human diseases

, , , , , & show all
Pages 281-290 | Received 17 Mar 2015, Accepted 28 Apr 2015, Published online: 21 May 2015

References

  • Ahern MJ, Harrison W, Hollingsworth P, et al. (1991). A randomised double-blind trial of cyclosporin and azathioprine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Aust N Z J Med 21:844–849
  • Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, et al. (2000). The common PPAR gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 26:76–80
  • Aquilante CL, Yarandi HN, Cavallari LH, et al. (2008). Beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and hemodynamic response to dobutamine during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Pharmacogenomics J 8:408–415
  • Arnett DK, Claas SA, Glasser SP. (2006). Pharmacogenetics of antihypertensive treatment. Vascul Pharmacol 44:107–118
  • Barnes PJ. (2006). Drugs for asthma. Br J Pharmacol 147:S297–S303
  • Berkun DL, Rubinow A, Orbach H, et al. (2004). Methotrexate related adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are associated with the A1298C polymorphism of the MTHFR gene. Ann Rheum Dis 63:1227–1231
  • Black AJ, McLeod HL, Capell HA. (1998). Thiopurinemethyltransferase genotype predicts therapy-limiting severe toxicity from azathioprine. Ann Intern Med 129:716–718
  • Bozec E, Fassot C, Tropeano AI, et al. (2003). Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and reduction in wall thickness in response to antihypertensive treatment. Clin Sci 105:637
  • Brugts JJ, Boersma E, Simoons ML. (2010). Tailored therapy of ACE inhibitors in stable coronary artery disease: Pharmacogenetic profiling of treatment benefit. Pharmacogenomics 11:1115–1126
  • Candy S, Wright J, Gerber M, et al. (1995). A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease. Gut 37:674–678
  • Cao H, Hegele RA. (2002). DNA polymorphisms in ITPA including basis of inosine triphosphatase deficiency. J Hum Genet 47:620–622
  • Cappelen AW, Norheim OF, Tungodden B. (2008). Genomics and equal opportunity ethics. J Med Ethics 34:361–364
  • Carlini LE, Meropol NJ, Bever J. (2005). UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 polymorphisms predict response and toxicity in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine/irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res 11:1226–1236
  • Carson PE, Flanagan CL, Ickes CE, Alving AS. (1956). Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes. Science 124:484–485
  • Cheok MH, Lugthart S, Evans WE. (2006). Pharmacogenomics of acute leukemia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46:317–353
  • Chung CM, Wang RY, Chen JW, et al. (2010). A genome-wide association study identifies new loci for ACE activity: Potential implications for response to ACE inhibitor. Pharmacogenomics J 10:537–544
  • Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T. (1997). Polymorphism of alpha-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 349:1353–1357
  • Dervieux T, Furst D, Lein DO, et al. (2004a). Polyglutamation of methotrexate with common polymorphisms in reduced folate carrier, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase, and thymidy late synthase are associated with methotrexate effects in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50:2766–2774
  • Dervieux T, Greenstein N, Kremer J. (2006). Pharmacogenetic and metabolic biomarkers in the folate pathway and their association with methotrexate effects during dosage escalation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:3095–3103
  • Dervieux T, Kremer J, Lein DO. (2004b). Contribution of common polymorphisms in reduced folate carrier and gamma-glutamylhydrolase to methotrexate polyglutamate levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacogenetics 14:733–739
  • Dervieux T, Lein DO, Park G, et al. (2003). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the folate/purine synthesis pathway predict methotrexate effect in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:438
  • Dewar JC, Wilkinson J, Wheatley A, et al. (1997). The glutamine 27 beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism is associated with elevated IgE levels in asthmatic families. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100:261–265
  • Diasio RB. (2001). Clinical implications of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase on 5-FU pharmacology. Oncology 15:21–26
  • Dodge RR, Burrows B. (1980). The prevalence and incidence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:567–575
  • Drazen M, Silverman EK, Lee TH. (2000). Heterogeneity of therapeutic responses in asthma. Br Med Bull 56:1054–1070
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). (2005). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365:1687–1717
  • Evans WE. (2004). Pharmacogenetics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase and thiopurine therapy. Ther Drug Monit 26:186–191
  • Evans WE, Hon YY, Bomgaars L, et al. (2001). Preponderance of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency and heterozygosity among patients intolerant to mercaptopurine or azathioprine. J Clin Oncol 19:2293–2301
  • Evans DAP, Manley KA, McKusick VA. (1956). Genetic control of isoniazid metabolism in man. Br Med J 2:485–491
  • Evans WE, McLeod HL. (2003). Pharmacogenomics drug disposition, drug targets and side effects. N Engl J Med 348:538–549
  • Evans WE, Relling MV. (2004). Moving towards individualized medicine with pharmacogenomics. Nature 429:464–468
  • Farlow MR, Lahiri DK, Poirier J, et al. (1998). Treatment outcome of tacrine therapy depends on apolipoprotein genotype and gender of subjects with Alzheimer's diseases. Neurology 50:669–677
  • Filigheddu F, Argiolas G, Degortes S, et al. (2010). Haplotypes of the adrenergic system predict the blood pressure response to beta-blockers in women with essential hypertension. Pharmacogenomics 11:319–325
  • Fisher MC, Cronstein BN. (2009). Meta-analysis of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms affecting methotrexate toxicity. J Rheumatol 36:539–545
  • Fleming RA, Milano GA, Gaspard MH, et al. (1993). Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 29A:740–744
  • Fraser AG, Orchard TR, Jewell DP. (2002). The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 50:485–489
  • Gadangi P, Longaker M, Naime D. (1996). The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sulfasalazine is related to adenosine release at inflamed sites. J Immunol 156:1937–1941
  • Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K. (2000). The apolipoprotein epsilon4 alleles determine sprognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survivors of myocardial infarction: A substudy of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 101:1366–1371
  • Gerhard T, Gong Y, Beitelshees AL, et al. (2008). Alpha-adducin polymorphism associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes: Results from Genetic Substudy of the international Verapamil SR-trandolapril STudy (INVEST-GENES). Am Heart J 156:397–404
  • Goetz MP, Rae JM, Suman VJ. (2005). Pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen biotransformation is associated with clinical outcomes of efficacy and hot flashes. J Clin Oncol 23:9312–9318
  • Goetz MP, Suman VJ, Ingle JN. (2006). A 2-gene expression ratio of homeobox 13 and interleukin-17B receptor for prediction of recurrence and survival in women receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Clin Cancer Res 12:2080–2087
  • Hall IP, Wheatley A, Wilding P, Liggett SB. (1995). Association of Glu 27 beta 2-adrenoceptor polymorphism with lower airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 345:1213–1214
  • Heggie GD, Sommadossi JP, Cross DS. (1987). Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile. Cancer Res 47:2203–2206
  • Hill EJ, Sharma RA. (2011). Multi-modality therapy of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma: optimal combination of systemic chemotherapy with radio-embolization. J Nucl Med Radiat Ther 2:108
  • Horie N, Aiba H, Oguro K, et al. (1995). Functional analysis and DNA polymorphism of the tandemly repeated sequences in the 50-terminal regulatory region of the human gene for thymidylate synthase. Cell Struct Funct 20:191–197
  • Hoskins JM, Goldberg RM, Qu P. (2007). UGT1A1*28 genotype and irinotecan induced neutropenia: Dose matters. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1290–1295
  • Hoskins JM, Marcuello E, Altes A. (2008). Irinotecan pharmacogenetics: Influence of pharmacodynamic genes. Clin Cancer Res 14:1788–1796
  • Huang CC, Chung CM, Hung SI, et al. (2011). Genetic variation in renin predicts the effects of thiazide diuretics. Eur J Clin Invest 41:828–835
  • Hughes HB, Biehl JP, Jones AP, Schmidt LH. (1954). Metabolism of isoniazid in man as related to the occurrence of peripheral neuritis. Am Rev Tuberc 70:266–273
  • Israel E, Chinchilli VM, Ford JG, et al. (2004). Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: Genotype-stratified, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lancet 364:1505–1512
  • Iyer L, Das S, Janisch L, et al. (2002). UGT1A1*28 polymorphism as a determinant of irinotecan disposition and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics J 2:43–47
  • Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V. (2005). CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:30–39
  • Kalayci O, Birben E, Sackesen C, et al. (2006). ALOX5 promoter genotype, asthma severity and LTC production by eosinophils. Allergy 61:97–103
  • Kalow W. (1956). Familial incidence of low pseudocholinesterase level. Lancet 2:576
  • Kalow W. (2006). Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: Origin, status, and the hope for personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 6:162–165
  • Kawato Y, Aonuma M, Hirota Y, et al. (1991). Intracellular roles of SN-38, a metabolite of the camptothecin derivative CPT-11, in the antitumor effect of CPT11. Cancer Res 51:4187–4191
  • Knapp MJ, Knopman DS, Solomon PR, et al. (1994). A week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's diseases. The Tacrine Study Group. J Am Med Assoc 271:985–991
  • Korelitz BI, Adler DJ, Mendelsohn RA, Sacknoff AL. (1993). Long-term experience with 6-mercaptopurine in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 88:1198–1205
  • Kotani Y, Nishimura Y, Maeda H, Yokoyama M. (1999). Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms affect airway responsiveness to salbutamol in asthmatics. J Asthma 36:583–590
  • Kumagai K, Hiyama K, Oyama T, et al. (2003). Polymorphisms in the thymidylate synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolatereductasa genes and sensitivity to the low-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Med 11:593–600
  • Kumagai S, Komada F, Kita T. (2004). N-acetyltransferase 2 genotyperelated efficacy of sulfasalazine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pharm Res 21:324–329
  • Ladero JM. (2008). Influence of polymorphic N-acetyltransferases on nonmalignant spontaneous disorders and on response to drugs. Curr Drug Metab 9:532–537
  • Lamers CB, Griffioen G, van Hogezand RA, Veenendaal RA. (1999). Azathioprine: An update on clinical efficacy and safety in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 230:111–115
  • Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. (1998). Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Med Assoc 279:1200–1205
  • Lee DM, Weinblatt ME. (2001). Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 358:903–911
  • Leichman CG, Lenz HJ, Leichman L, et al. (1997). Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted-infusion fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 15:3223–3229
  • Lennard L, Maddocks JL. (1983). Assay of 6-thioguanine nucleotide, a major metabolite of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine, in human red blood cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 135:15–18
  • Liggett SB. (1997). Polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:156–162
  • Liggett SB. (2003). Polymorphisms of adrenergic receptors: Variations on a theme. Assay Drug Dev Technol 1:317–326
  • Lima JJ, Mohamed MH, Self TH, et al. (2000). Importance of beta (2) adrenergic receptor genotype, gender and race on albuterol-evoked bronchodilation in asthmatics. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 13:127–134
  • Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. (2005). Should [beta] blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet 366:1545–1553
  • Liu X, Cheng D, Kuang Q, et al. (2014). Association of UGT1A1*28 polymorphisms with irinotecan-induced toxicities in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis in Caucasians. Pharmacogenomics J 14:120–129
  • Liu J, Liu ZQ, Yu BN, et al. (2006). Beta 1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms influence the response to metoprololmonotherapy in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Pharm Therap 80:23–32
  • Lu Y, Qin X, Li S, et al. (2014) Quantitative assessment of CYP2D6 polymorphisms and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 343:15–22
  • Lu HF, Shih MC, Hsueh SC, et al. (2005). Molecular analysis of the thiopurine S-methyltransferase alleles in Bolivians and Tibetans. J Clin Pharm Ther 30:491–496
  • Luo F, Wang Y, Wang X, et al. (2009). A functional variant of NEDD4L is associated with hypertension, antihypertensive response, and orthostatic hypotension. Hypertension 54:796–801
  • Lyss AP, Lilenbaum RC, Harris BE, Diasio RB. (1993). Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity in a patient with decreased dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity. Cancer Invest 11:239–240
  • Martin ER, Lai EH, Gilbert JR, et al. (2000). SNPing away at complex diseases: Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms around APOE in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Hum Genet 67:383–394
  • Martinelli-Boneschi F, Giacalone G, Magnani G, et al. (2013). Pharmacogenomics in Alzheimer's disease: A genome-wide association study of response to cholinesterase inhibitors. Neurobiol Aging 34:1711
  • Martinez FD, Graves PE, Baldini M, et al. (1997). Association between genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor and response to albuterol in children with and without a history of wheezing. J Clin Invest 100:3184–3188
  • Massarweh S, Osborne C, Creighton C. (2008). Tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors is driven by growth factor receptor signaling with repression of classic estrogen receptor genomic function. Cancer Res 68:826–833
  • Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. (1993). Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men – A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. N Engl J Med 328:914–921
  • Matheson MC, Ellis JA, Raven J, et al. (1995). Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with asthma and COPD in adults. J Hum Genet 51:943–951
  • McLeod HL, Krynetski EY, Relling MV, Evans WE. (2000). Genetic polymorphism of thiopurinemethyltransferase and its clinical relevance for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukaemia 14:567–572
  • Meyer JE, Cohen SJ. (2011). Beyond first-line therapy: Combining chemotherapy and radioembolization for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Nucl Med Radiat Ther 2:103
  • Nielsen OH, Vainer B, Rask-Madsen J. (2001). Review article: The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:1699–1708
  • Nishimura R, Nagaom K, Miyayama H, et al. (1999). Thymidylate synthase levels as a therapeutic and prognostic predictor in breast cancer. Anticancer Res 19:5621–5626
  • Nitsch RM, Blustajin JK, Pittas AG, et al. (1992). Evidences for membrane defect in Alzheimer's diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1671–1675
  • Nordestgaard BG, Kontula K, Benn M, et al. (2010). Effect of ACE insertion/deletion and 12 other polymorphisms on clinical outcomes and response to treatment in the LIFE study. Pharmacogenet Genom 20:77–85
  • Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. (1995). Effect of apolipoprotein E and A-IV phenotypes on the low density lipoprotein response to HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. Atherosclerosis 113:157–166
  • Padhukasahasram B, Yang JJ, Levin AM, et al. (2014). Gene-based association identifies SPATA13-AS1 as a pharmacogenomic predictor of inhaled short-acting beta-agonist response in multiple population groups. Pharmacogenomics J 14:365–371
  • Park HW, Tantisira KG, Weiss ST. (2015). Pharmacogenomics in asthma therapy: Where are we and where do we go. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 55:129–147
  • Pawlik A, Herczynska M, Kurzawski M, et al. (2009). The effect of exon (19C-A) dihydroorotate dehydrogenase gene polymorphism on rheumatoid arthritis treatment with leflunomide. Pharmacogenomics 10:303–309
  • Pawlik A, Wrzesniewska J, Fiedorowicz-Fabrycy I, Gawronska-Szklarz B. (2004). The MDR1 3435 polymorphism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 42:496–503
  • Pignatti PF. (2004). Trends in pharmacogenomics of drugs used in the treatment of asthma. Pharmacol Res 49:343–349
  • Poirier J. (1999). Apolipoprotein E4 cholinergic integrity and the pharmacogentics of Alzheimer's disease. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24:147–153
  • Poirier J, Delisle MC, Quirion R, et al. (1995). Apolipoprotein E4 allele as a predictor of cholinergic deficits and treatment outcome in Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:12260–12264
  • Present DH, Meltzer SJ, Krumholz MP, et al. (1989). 6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: Short- and long-term toxicity. Ann Intern Med 111:641–649
  • Pullarkat ST, Stoehlmacher J, Ghaderi V, et al. (2001). Thymidylate synthase gene polymorphism determines response and toxicity of 5-FU chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics J 1:65–70
  • Raida M, Schwabe W, Hausler P, et al. (2001). Prevalence of a common point mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) gene within the 5′-splice donor site of intron 14 in patients with severe 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-related toxicity compared with controls. Clin Cancer Res 7:2832–2839
  • Ranganathan P, McLeod HL. (2006). Methotrexate pharmacogenetics: The first step toward individualized therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:1366–1377
  • Redon J, Luque-Otero M, Martell N, Chaves FJ. (2004). Renin–angiotensin system gene polymorphisms: Relationship with blood pressure and microalbuminuria in telmisartan-treated hypertensive patients. Pharmacogenomics J 5:14–20
  • Rego PI, Fernández MM, Carreira GV, Blanco FJ. (2009). Gene polymorphisms and pharmacogenetics in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatol Clin 5:268–279
  • Relling MV, Hancock ML, Rivera GK, et al. (1999). Mercaptopurine therapy intolerance and heterozygosity at the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene locus. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:2001–2008
  • Richard F, Helbecque N, Neuman E, et al. (1997). APOE genotyping and response to drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 349:539
  • Rosskopf D, Michel MC. (2008). Pharmacogenomics of G protein-coupled receptor ligands in cardiovascular medicine. Pharmacol Rev 60:513–535
  • Sanak M, Pierzchalska M, Bazan-Socha S, Szczeklik A. (2000). Enhanced expression of the leukotriene C (4) synthase due to overactive transcription of an allelic variant associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23:290–296
  • Sandborn WJ. (2001). Rational dosing of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut 48:591
  • Schneider LS, Farlow MR. (1995). Predicting response to cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Possible approaches. CNS Drugs 4:114–124
  • Schwab M, Schäffeler E, Marx C. (2002). Azathioprine therapy and adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Impact of thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics 12:429–436
  • Schwab M, Zanger U, Marx C. (2008). Role of genetic and nongenetic factors for fluorouracil treatment- related severe toxicity: A prospective clinical trial by the German 5-FU Toxicity Study Group. J Clin Oncol 26:2131–2138
  • Sciarrone MT, Stella P, Barlassina C, et al. (2003). ACE and alpha-adducin polymorphism as markers of individual response to diuretic therapy. Hypertension 41:398–403
  • Sehrt D, Meineke I, Tzvetkov M, et al. (2011). Carvedilol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to CYP2D6 and ADRB pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 12:783–795
  • Siest G, Bertrand P, Herbeth B. (2000). Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and concentration in chronic diseases and drug responses. Clin Chem Lab Med 38:841–852
  • Singh NK, Banerjee BD, Bala K, et al. (2014). Polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2D6, glutathione S-transferases Pi 1 genes, and organochlorine pesticides in Alzheimer disease: A case-control study in North Indian population. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 27:119–127
  • Stephen T, Turner Gary L, Schwartz Arlene B, Chapman Eric Boerwinkle WN. (2005). K1 kinase polymorphism and blood pressure response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension 46:758–765
  • Stipp DA. (2000). DNA tragedy. Fortune 142:170–178
  • Stocco G, Cheok MH, Crews KR, et al. (2009). Genetic polymorphism of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase is a determinant of mercaptopurine metabolism and toxicity during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:164–172
  • Su X, Lee L, Li X, et al. (2007). Association between angiotensinogen, angiotensin II receptor genes, and blood pressure response to anangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Circulation 115:725–732
  • Svensson-Färbom P, Wahlstrand B, Almgren P, et al. (2011). A functional variant of the NEDD4L gene is associated with beneficial treatment response with beta-blockers and diuretics in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 29:388–395
  • Tan S, Hall IP, Dewar J, et al. (1997). Association between beta 2-adrenoceptor polymorphism and susceptibility to bronchodilator desensitization in moderately severe stable asthmatics. Lancet 350:995–999
  • Taniguchi A, Urano W, Tanaka E. (2007). Validation of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes and responses to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proposal for prospective pharmacogenomic study in clinical practice. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17:383–390
  • Toffoli G, Cecchin E, Corona G. (2006). The role of UGT1A1*28 polymorphism in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 24:3061–3068
  • Turner ST, Bailey KR, Fridley BL, et al. (2008). Genomic association analysis suggests chromosome 12 locus influencing antihypertensive response to thiazide diuretic. Hypertension 52:359–365
  • Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. (2001). C825T polymorphism of the G protein β3-subunit and antihypertensive response to a thiazide diuretic. Hypertension 37:739
  • Ulrich CM, Bigler J, Velicer CM, et al. (2000). Searching expressed sequence tag databases: Discovery and confirmation of a common polymorphism in the thymidylate synthase gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1381–1385
  • Van Kuilenburg AB, Meinsma R, Zoetekouw L, Van Gennip AH. (2002). High prevalence of the IVS14 1G → A mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene of patients with severe 5-fluorouracil-associated toxicity. Pharmacogenetics 12:555–558
  • Van Triest B, Pinedo HM, van Hensbergen Y, et al. (1999). Thymidylate synthase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, but not for folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitors, in 13 nonselected colon cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 5:643–654
  • Visser K, Katchamart W, Loza E. (2009). Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: Integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists in the 3E Initiative. Ann Rheum 68:1086–1093
  • Wall AM, Rubnitz JE. (2003). Pharmacogenomic effects on therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Pharmacogenomics J 3:128–135
  • Wang DG, Fan JB, Siao CJ, et al. (1998). Large scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of SNP in the human genome. Science 280:1077–1082
  • Wechsler ME, Lehman E, Lazarus SC, et al. (2004). Beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:519–526
  • Weinshilboum RM, Sladek SL. (1980). Mercaptopurinepharmacogenetics: Monogenic inheritance of erythrocyte thiopurinemethyltransferase activity. Am J Hum Genet 32:651–662
  • Weinshilboum R, Wang L. (2004). Inheritance and drug response. N Engl J Med 348:529–537
  • Werner D, Werner U, Meybaum A, et al. (2008). Determinants of steady-state torasemide pharmacokinetics: Impact of pharmacogenetic factors, gender and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Clin Pharmacokinet 47, 323–332
  • Wright Jr JT, Probstfield JL, Cushman WC, et al. (2009). ALLHAT findings revisited in the context of subsequent analyses, other trials, and meta-analyses. Arch Intern Med 169:832–842
  • Yu H, Lin S, Jin L, et al. (2009). Adenine/cytosine1166polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene and the antihypertensive response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Hypertens 27:2278

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.