188
Views
187
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Cigarette Smoking: A Dependence on High-Nicotine Boli

&
Pages 29-57 | Published online: 22 Sep 2008

References

  • McKennell A. C., Thomas R. K. Adults' and Adolescents' Smoking Habits and Attitudes. Government Social Survey, Her Majesty's Stationery Officer, London 1967
  • Russell M. A. H., Wilson C., Taylor C., Baker C. D. “General Practitioners Advice Against Smoking,”, In Preparation
  • Statistics of Smoking in the United Kingdom, P. N. Lee. Tobacco Research Council, London 1975
  • Russell M. A. H. “The Smoking Habit and Its Classification,”. Practitioner 1974; 212: 791–800
  • Russell M. A. H. “Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Dependence,”. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, R. J. Gibbins, et al. Wiley, New York 1976; Vol. 3: 1–47
  • Royal College of Physicians, Third Report: Smoking or Health. Pitmans, London 1977
  • Russell M. A. H. “Cigarette Smoking: Natural History of a Dependence Disorder,”. Br. J. Med. Psychol 1971; 44: 1–16
  • Hunt A. W., Bespalec D. A. “An Evaluation of Current Methods of Modifying Smoking Behaviour,”. J. Clin. Psychol 1974; 30: 431
  • Gorrod J. R., Jenner P. “The Metabolism of Tobacco Alkaloids,”. Essays in Toxicology. Academic, New York 1975; Vol. 6: 35–78
  • Beckett A. H., Gorrod J. W., Jenner P. “The Analysis of Nicotine-l'-N-oxide in Urine in the Presence of Nicotine and Cotinine and Its Application to the Study of in vivo Nicotine Metabolism in Man,”. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 1971; 23: 55S–61S
  • Beckett A. H., Triggs E. J. “Enzyme Induction in Man Caused by Smoking,”. Nature 1967; 216: 587
  • Essman W. B. “Nicotine-Related Neurochemical Changes: Some Implications for Motivational Mechanisms and Differences,”. Smoking Behaviour: Motives and Incentives, W. L. Dunn. Winston, Washington, D.C. 1973; 51–65
  • Larson P. S., Silvette H. Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies, Supplement 3. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1975
  • Curry S. H. Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics. Black-well, Oxford 1974
  • Schmiterlow C. G., Hansson E., Andersson G., Applegren L. E., Hoffman P. C. “Distribution of Nicotine in Central Nervous System,”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1967; 142: 2–14
  • Armitage A. K., Turner D. M. “Absorption of Nicotine in Cigarette and Cigar Smoke through the Oral Mucosa,”. Nature 1970; 226: 1231–1232
  • Beckett A. H., Triggs E. J. “Buccal Absorption of Basic Drugs and Its Application as an in vivo Model of Passive Drug Transfer through Lipid Membranes,”. J, Pharm. Pharmacol 1967; 19: 31S–41S, Suppl.
  • Armitage A. K. “Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke on Blood Pressure and Release of Catecholamines from the Adrenal Glands,”. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother 1965; 25: 515–526
  • Armitage A. K. Smoking Behaviour: Motives and Incentives, W. L. Dunn. Winston, Washington, D. C 1973; 83–91
  • Armitage A. K., Hall G. H., Morrison C. F. “Pharmacological Basis for the Tobacco Smoking Habit,”. Nature 1968; 217: 331–334
  • Feyerabend C., Levitt T., Russell M. A. H. “A Rapid Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Estimation of Nicotine in Biological Fluids,”. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 1975; 27: 434–436
  • Russell M. A. H., Feyerabend C., Cole P. V. “Plasma Nicotine Levels after Cigarette Smoking and Chewing Nicotine Gum,”. Br. Med. J. 1976; 1: 1043–1046
  • Lautenbach B. F. “On a New Function of the Liver,”. Philad. Med. Times 1876–1877; 7: 387–394
  • Stalhandske T. “Effects of Increased Liver Metabolism of Nicotine on Its Uptake, Elimination and Toxicity in Mice,”. Acta Physiol. Scand 1970; 80: 222–234
  • Jarvik M. E., Glick S. D., Nakamura R. K. “Inhibition of Cigarette Smoking by Orally Administered Nicotine,”. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 1970; 11: 574–576
  • Isaac P. F., Rand M. J. “Cigarette Smoking and Plasma Levels of Nicotine,”. Nature 1972; 236: 308–310
  • Armitage A. K., Dollery C. T., George C. F., Houseman T. H., Lewis P. J., Turner D. M. “Absorption and Metabolism of Nicotine from Cigarettes,”. Br. Med. J. 1975; 4: 313–316
  • Feyerabend C., Russell M. A. H. “Effect of Urinary pH and Nicotine Excretion Rate on Plasma Nicotine during Cigarette Smoking and Chewing Nicotine Gum,”. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 1978; 5: 293–297
  • Jenner P., Gorrod J. W., Beckett A. H. “The Absorption of Nicotine-l'-N-oxide and Its Reduction in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Man,”. Xenobiotica 1973; 3: 341–349
  • Travell J. “Absorption of Nicotine from Various Sites,”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1960; 90: 13–30
  • Russell M. A. H., Sutton S. R., Feyerabend C., Cole P. V., Saloojee Y. “Nicotine Chewing Gum as a Substitute for Smoking,”. Br. Med. J., J. 1977; 1060–1063
  • Brown D. A., Hoffmann P. C., Toth L. J. “3H-Nicotine in Cat Superior Cervical and Nodose Ganglia after Close-Arterial Injection in vivo,”. Br. J. Pharmacol 1969; 35: 406–417
  • Brown D. A., Halliwell J. V., Scholfield C. N. “Uptake of Nicotine and Extracellular Space Markers by Isolated Rat Ganglia in Relation to Receptor Activation,”. Br. J. Pharmacol 1971; 42: 100–113
  • Castleden C. M., Cole P. V. “Inhalation of Tobacco Smoke by Pipe and Cigar Smokers,”. Lancet 1973; 2: 21–22
  • Cowie J. R., Sillett R. W., Ball K. P. “Carbon-Monoxide Absorption by Cigarette Smokers Who Change to Smoking Cigars,”. Lancet 1973; 1: 1033–1035
  • Turner J. A. M., Sillett R. W., McNicol M. W. “Effect of Cigar Smoking on Carboxyhaemoglobin and Plasma. Nicotine Concentrations in Primary Pipe and Cigar Smokers and Excigarette Smokers,”. Br. Med. J. 1977; 2: 1387–1389

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.