Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Benzidine and Its Congeners in Man and Animals

References

• Haley T. J. Benzidine revisited: A review of the literature and problems associated with the use of benzidine and its congeners. Clin. Toxicol 1975; 8: 13–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayson D. B. Case study 2: Benzidine and 2-naphthylamine–Voluntary substitution or technological alternatives. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1976; 271: 170–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meigs J. W., Brown R. M., Sciarini L. J. A study of exposure to benzidine and substituted benzidines in a chemical plant. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1951; 4: 533–540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida O., Miyakawa M. Etiology of bladder cancer: Metabolic aspects. Analytical and Experimental Epidemiology of Cancer, W. Nakahara, T. Hirayama, K. Nishioka, H. Sugano. University Park Press, Baltimore, Md. 1973; 31–39
   Google Scholar
• Gerarde H. W., Gerarde D. F. Industrial experience with 3, 3′-dichlorobenzidine: An epidemiological study of a chemical manufacturing plant. J. Occup. Med. 1974; 16: 322–344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rye W. A., Woolrich P. F., Zanes R. P. Facts and myths concerning aromatic diamine curing agents. J. Occup. Med. 1970; 12: 211–215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barsotti M., Vigliani E. C. Bladder lesions from aromatic amines. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1952; 5: 234–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meigs J. W., Sciarini L. J., VanSandt W. A. Skin penetration by diamines of the benzidine group. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1954; 9: 122–132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troll W., Gelman S., Rinde E. N-Hydroxy acetyl amino compounds urinary metabolites of aromatic amines in man. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1963; 4: 68
   Google Scholar
• Rinde E., Troll W. Metabolic reduction of benzidine azo dyes to benzidine in the rhesus monkey. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1975; 55: 181–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troll W., Nelson N. Studies on aromatic amines: I. Preliminary observations on benzidine metabolism. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 1958; 19: 499–503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sciarini L. J., Meigs J. W. The biotransformation of benzidine (4,4′-diaminobiphenyl), an industrial carcinogen in the dog: I. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 1958; 18: 521–530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradshaw L., Clayson D. B. Metabolism of two aromatic amines in the dog. Nature 1955; 176: 974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciarini L. 3-Hydroxybenzidine, a metabolite of benzidine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1957; 71: 437–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayson D. B., Ward E., Ward L. The fate of benzidine in various species. Acta Union Int. Contra Cancrum 1959; 15: 581–586
   Google Scholar
• Dieteren H. M. L. The biotransformation of o-tolidine. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 12: 30–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciarini L. J., Meigs J. W. Biotransformation of the benzidines: III. Studies on diorthotolidine, dianisidine and dichlorobenzidine: 3,3′-disubstituted congeners of ben zidine (4,4′-diaminobiphenyl). Arch. Environ. Health 1961; 2: 584–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englebertz P., Babel E. Nachweis von Benzidin and seinen umwandlungs Produkten im Harn and in Organteilen. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz 1953; 3: 161–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sciarini L. J., Meigs J. W. The biotransformation of benzidine: II. Studies in mouse and man. Arch. Environ. Health 1961; 2: 423–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigliani E. C., Barsotti M. Environmental tumors of the bladder in some Italian dye-stuff factories. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 1962; 18: 669–675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akiyama T. The investigation on the manufacturing plant of organic pigment. Jikeikai Med. J. (Japan) 1970; 17: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Kellner H. M.D., Christ O. E., Lotzsch K. Animal studies on the kinetics of benzidine and 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine. Arch. Toxikot 1973; 31: 61–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirai K., Yusuhira K. Mitochondrial oxidation of 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine and related compounds and their possible relation to carcinogenesis. Gann 1972; 63: 655–673
   Google Scholar
• Cammer W., Moore C. L. Oxidation of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine by rat liver mitochondria. Biochemistry 1973; 12: 2502–2509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima T. On the influence of the aromatic nitro- and amino-derivatives on blood phenolase activity. Rodo Kagahy Kiho (Japan) 1955; 4: 22–25
   Google Scholar
• Solimskaya E. A. The distribution of benzidine in rat organs and its effect on the peripheral blood. Vopr. Onkol 1968; 14: 51–53
   Google Scholar
• Neish W. J. P. Liver glutathione and polyamines in hepatocarcinogen-treated rats. Biochem. Pharmacol 1967; 16: 163–173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinbauer V., Konor V., Popler A., Vlasak R. Sledovani expozice zamestnancu pri vyrobe benzidinu. Cesk. Hyg. (C zechoslovakia) 1969; 14: 150–154
   Google Scholar
• Popler A., Selucky M., Vlasek R. Follow-up of exposure in people working in the production of benzidine. Prac. Lek. (Czechoslovakia) 1964; 16: 147–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker R. K., Deighton J. G. The metabolism of benzidine in the rat. Cancer Res. 1953; 13: 529–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliss G. B., Zabezhinsky M. A. Carcinogenic properties of orthotolidine (3,3′-dimethylbenzidine). J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1970; 45: 283–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 13-Week Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Direct Blue 6, Direct Black 38, and Direct Brown 95 Dyes. Carcinogenesis Technical Report. NCI DHEW Publication no. (NIH). 1978; 78–1358
   Google Scholar
• Marshall A. The production of tumours of the reticular tissue by di-azo vital dyes. Acta Path. Microbiol. Scand. 1953; 33: 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillman J., Gillman T. The pathogenesis of experimentally produced lymphomata in rats. Cancer 1952; 5: 792–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadidian Z., Fredrickson T., Weisburger E., Weisburger J., Glass R., Mantel N. Tests for chemical carcinogens: Report on the activity of derivatives of aromatic amines, nitrosamines, quinolines, nitroalkanes, amides, epoxides, aziridines and purine antimetabolites. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1968; 41: 985–1036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliss G. On some regular relationships between carcinogenicity of aminodiphenyl derivatives and the structure of substance. Acta Unto Int. Contra Cancrum 1963; 19: 499–501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plies G. Carcinogenic properties of orthotolidine and dianisidine. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1965; 9: 18–22
   Google Scholar
• Leuschner F. Carcinogenicity studies on different diarylide yellow pigments in mice and rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1978; 2: 253–260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouts J. R., Kamm J. J., Brodie B. B. Enzymatic reduction of Prontosil and other azo dyes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1957; 120: 191–300
   Google Scholar
• Manchon Ph., Lowy R. Etudes sur l'activite azoreductasiquedes surnageants d'homogenat de foie de rat: II. Comparaison avec d'autres preparations. Variations avec l'age et l'ingestion de colorant. Food Cosmet. Toxicol 1965; 3: 783–787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker R. The metabolism of azo compounds: A review of the literature. Food Cosmet. Toxicol 1970; 8: 659–676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korosteleva T. A., Skachkov A. P., Shvaidetsky I. I. Appearance of carcinogen-proteinic antigens in the blood serum of workers dealing with aniline dyestuffs. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1974; 5: 21–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genin V. Formation of blastomagenic diphenyl amine derivatives as a result of direct azo dye metabolism. Vopr. Onkol 1977; 23: 50–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews H. Metabolism studies in the dog–Benzidine congener dyes (a preliminary report from the NTP). Presentation at the 46th Meeting of the National Cancer Institute's Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogenesis, Washington, D.C., 1979
   Google Scholar
• Boeniger M. The carcinogenicity and metabolism of azo dyes, especially those derived from benzidine, NIOSH Report. Center for Disease Control (unpublished). DHEW Public Health Service. 1978
   Google Scholar
• Lynn R. K., Donielson D. W., Ilias A. M., Kennish J. M., Wong K., Matthews H. B. Metabolism of bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from benzidine, 3, 3′-dimethylbenzidine or 3, 3′-dimethoxybenzidine to carcinogenic aromatic amines in the dog and rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1980; 56: 248–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modino A., Achari R., Dubini M., Marchisio M. A., Silvestri S., Zanolo G. Absence of dichlorobenzidine in the urine of rats, rabbits and monkeys treated with C. I. Pigment Yellow 13. Med. Lavoro 1978; 69: 693–697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gadian T. Carcinogens in industry, with special reference to dichlorobenzidine. Chem. Ind. 1975; 19: 821–830
   Google Scholar
• Maclntyre I. Experience of tumors in a British plant handling 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 23–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar