Iron Chelation Therapy in Hereditary Hemochromatosis and Thalassemia Intermedia: Regulatory and Non Regulatory Mechanisms of Increased Iron Absorption

REFERENCES

• Feder J N, Gnirke A, Thomas W, A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 1996;13(4):339–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Community control of hereditary anaemias. Bull WHO. 1983;61(1):63–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. The Thalassaemia Syndromes. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Barton JC, Edwards CQ. Hemochromatosis. Genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kolnagou A. Molecular factors and mechanisms affecting iron and other metal excretion or absorption in health and disease. The role of natural and synthetic chelators. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(23):2695–2709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green R, Charlton R, Seftel H, Body iron excretion in man: a collaborative study. Am J Med. 1968;45(3):336–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ. Chelators affecting iron absorption in mice. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990;40(12):1332–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ, Eracleous E, Economides Ch, Kolnagou A. Advances in iron overload therapies. Prospects for effective use of deferiprone (L1), deferoxamine, the new experimental chelators ICL670, GT56-252, L1NAll and their combinations. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(23):2663–2681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantopoulos K. Function of the hemochromatosis protein HFE: lessons from animal models. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(45):6893–6901.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrnes V, Barrett S, Ryan E, Increased duodenal DMT1 expression and unchanged HFE mRNA levels in HFE-associated hereditary hemochromatosis and iron deficiency. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;29(3):251–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ. Structure/red blood cell permeability activity of iron (III) chelator complexes. Inorg Chim Acta. 1988;151:101–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djaldetti M, Fishman P, Notti I, Bessler H. The effect of tetracycline administration on iron absorption in mice. Biomedicine. 1981;35(5):150–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ, May A. Uptake and intracellular distribution of iron from transferrin and chelators in erythroid cells. Biol Met. 1990;3(3-4):183–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forsbeck K, Nilsson K, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Variation in iron accumulation, transferrin membrane binding and DNA synthesis in the K-562 and U-937 cell lines induced by chelators and their iron complexes. Eur J Haematol. 1987;39(4):318–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Italia KY, Jijina FJ, Merchant R, Response to hydroxyurea in β thalassemia major and intermedia: experience in western India. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;407(1-2):10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrinos GP, Grosveld FG. Pharmacogenomics and therapeutics of hemoglobinopathies. Hemoglobin. 2008;32(1-2):229–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pippard MJ, Callender ST, Warner GT, Weatherall DJ. Iron absorption and loading in β-thalassaemia intermedia. Lancet. 1979;2(8147):819–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanikolaou G, Samuels ME, Ludwig EH, Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome 1q-linked juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 2004;36(1):77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camaschella C, Roetto A, Calì A, The gene TFR2 is mutated in a new type of haemochromatosis mapping to 7q22. Nat Genet. 2000;25(1):14–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njajou OT, Vaessen N, Joosse M, A mutation in SLC11A3 is associated with autosomal dominant hemochromatosis. Nat Genet. 2001;28(3):213–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ. A new era in iron chelation therapy: the design of optimal, individually adjusted iron chelation therapies for the complete removal of iron overload in thalassemia and other chronically transfused patients. Hemoglobin. 2009; 33(5):332–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto RS, Williams GM, Frangel HH, Weisburger JH. 8-Hydroxyquinoline: chronic toxicity and inhibitory effect on the carcinogenicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1971;19(4):687–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ. Transparency and access to full information for the fatal or serious toxicity risks, low efficacy and high price of deferasirox, could increase the prospect of improved iron chelation therapy worldwide. Hemoglobin. 2008;32(6):608–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen P, Fischer R, Buggisch P, Janka-Schaub G. Effective treatment of hereditary haemochromatosis with desferrioxamine in selected cases. Br J Haematol. 2003;123(5):952–953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olivieri NF, Koren G, Matsui D, Reduction of tissue iron stores and normalization of serum ferritin during treatment with the oral iron chelator L1 in thalassemia intermedia. Blood. 1992;79(10):2741–2748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pootrakul P, Sirankapracha P, Sankote J, Clinical trial of deferiprone iron chelation therapy in β-thalassaemia/Haemoglobin E patients in Thailand. Br J Haematol. 2003;122(2):305–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabio G, Minonzio F, Delbini P, Bianchi A, Cappellini MD. Reversal of cardiac complications by deferiprone and deferoxamine combination therapy in a patient affected by a severe type of juvenile hemochromatosis (JH). Blood. 2007;109(1):362–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kolnagou A, Peng CT, Shah SV, Aessopos A. Safety issues of iron chelation therapy in patients with normal range iron stores including thalassaemia, neurodegenerative, renal and infectious diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010; 9(2):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar