Cerebral Infarction in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: A Concise Overview

REFERENCES

• Rees DC, Williams TN, Gladwin MT. Sickle-cell disease. Lancet. 2010;376(9757):2018–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduzco LA, Nathan DG. Sickle cell disease and stroke. Blood. 2009;114(25):5117–5125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley CJ, Kittner SJ, Feeser BR, Stroke in children and sickle-cell disease: Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study. Neurology. 1998;51(1):169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohene-Frempong K, Weiner SJ, Sleeper LA, Cerebrovascular accidents in sickle cell disease: rates and risk factors. Blood. 1998;91(1):288–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powars D, Wilson B, Imbus C, Pegelow C, Allen J. The natural history of stroke in sickle cell disease. Am J Med. 1978;65(3):461–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scothorn DJ, Price C, Schwartz D, Risk of recurrent stroke in children with sickle cell disease receiving blood transfusion therapy for at least five years after initial stroke. J Pediatr. 2002;140(3):348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson SR, Holden KR, Nietert PJ, Moyamoya syndrome in childhood sickle cell disease: a predictive factor for recurrent cerebrovascular events. Blood. 2002;99(9):3144–3150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham FJ, Hewes DK, Prengler M, Wade A, Lane R, Evans JP. Nocturnal hypoxaemia and central-nervous-system events in sickle-cell disease. Lancet. 2001;357(9269):1656–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkaran B, Char G, Morris JS, Thomas PW, Serjeant BE, Serjeant GR. Stroke in a cohort of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 1992;120(3):360–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Kutlar A, McKie V, α Thalassemia and stroke risk in sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol. 1994;45(4):279–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switzer JA, Hess DC, Nichols FT, Adams RJ. Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke in sickle-cell disease: present and future. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(6):501–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan JM, Frohlich DM, Howard TA, Genetic predictors for stroke in children with sickle cell anemia. Blood. 2011;117(24):6681–6684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams R, McKie V, Nichols F, The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(9):605–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Brambilla D. Discontinuing prophylactic transfusions used to prevent stroke in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(26):2769–7278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegelow CH, Adams RJ, McKie V, Risk of recurrent stroke in patients with sickle cell disease treated with erythrocyte transfusions. J Pediatr. 1995;126(6):896–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop S, Matheus MG, Abboud MR, Effect of chronic transfusion therapy on progression of neurovascular pathology in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2011;47(2):125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton HJ, Adams RJ, Zhao S, Johnston SC. Declining stroke rates in Californian children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2004;104(2):336–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaudin F, Verlhac S, Arnaud C, Impact of early transcranial Doppler screening and intensive therapy on cerebral vasculopathy outcome in a newborn sickle cell anemia cohort. Blood. 2011;117(4):1130–1140; quiz 436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaudin F, Socie G, Kuentz M, Long-term results of related myeloablative stem-cell transplantation to cure sickle cell disease. Blood. 2007;110(7):2749–5276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware RE, Helms RW. Stroke with transfusions changing to hydroxyurea (SWiTCH): a phase 3 randomized clinical trial for treatment of children with sickle cell anemia, previous stroke, and iron overload. Proceeding of the 52nd American Society of Hematology Meeting, Orlando, FL, USA, December 4-7. Blood. 2010;116(21):844.
   Google Scholar
• Moser FG, Miller ST, Bello JA, The spectrum of brain MR abnormalities in sickle-cell disease: a report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17(5):965–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegelow CH, Macklin EA, Moser FG, Longitudinal changes in brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2002;99(8):3014–3018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen RG, Emudianughe T, Hankins GM, Brain imaging findings in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Radiology. 2003;228(1):216–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski JL, Zimmerman RA, Pollock AN, Silent infarcts in young children with sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(3):300–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegelow CH, Wang W, Granger S, Silent infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal cerebral artery velocity. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):2017–2021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abboud MR, Yim E, Musallam KM, Adams RJ. Discontinuing prophylactic transfusions increases the risk of silent brain infarction in children with sickle cell disease: data from STOP II. Blood. 2011;118(4):894–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adekile AD, Yacoub F, Gupta R, Silent brain infarcts are rare in Kuwaiti children with sickle cell disease and high Hb F. Am J Hematol. 2002;70(3):228–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller ST, Macklin EA, Pegelow CH, Silent infarction as a risk factor for overt stroke in children with sickle cell anemia: a report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. J Pediatr. 2001;139(3):385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Enos L, Gallagher D, Neuropsychologic performance in school-aged children with sickle cell disease: a report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. J Pediatr. 2001;139(3):391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong FD, Thompson RJ Jr, Wang W, Cognitive functioning and brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease. Neuropsychology Committee of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Pediatrics. 1996;97(6, Pt. 1):864–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaudin F, Verlhac S, Freard F, Multicenter prospective study of children with sickle cell disease: radiographic and psychometric correlation. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(5):333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugler S, Anderson B, Cross D, Abnormal cranial magnetic resonance imaging scans in sickle-cell disease. Neurological correlates and clinical implications. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(6):629–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney TR, Sleeper LA, Wang WC, Silent cerebral infarcts in sickle cell anemia: a risk factor analysis. The Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Pediatrics. 1999;103(3):640–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WC, Gallagher DM, Pegelow CH, Multicenter comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the central nervous system in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2000;22(4):335–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulbert ML, McKinstry RC, Lacey JL, Silent cerebral infarcts occur despite regular blood transfusion therapy after first strokes in children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2011;117(3):772–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casella JF, King AA, Barton B, Design of the silent cerebral infarct transfusion (SIT) trial. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;27(2):69–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WC. The pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of stroke in sickle cell disease. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(3):191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar