References
- Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. (2000). Transdermal drug delivery: Overcoming the skin’s barrier function. Pharm Sci Technol Today, 3:318–26.
- Barry BW. (2001). Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci, 14:101–14.
- Gan D, ed. (2003). Diabetic atlas. 2nd ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
- King H, Rewers M. (1993). Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults. WHO ad hoc diabetes reporting group. Diabetes Care, 16:157–77.
- Onkamo P, Vaananen S, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J. (1999). Worldwide increase in incidence of Type I diabetes – the analysis of the data on published incidence trends. Diabetologia, 42:1395–403.
- Flood T. (2006). Advances in insulin delivery systems and devices: Beyond the vial and syringe. Insulin, 1:99–108.
- Khafagy ES, Morishita M, Onuki Y, Takayama K. (2007). Current challenges in non-invasive insulin delivery systems: A comparative review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 59:1521–46.
- Kligman AM, Chistophers E. (1963). Preparation of isolated sheets of human stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol, 88:702–5.
- Joshi DP, Lan-Chun-Fung YL, Pritchard JG. (1979). Determination of poly (vinyl alcohol) via its complex with boric acid and iodine. Anal Chim Acta, 104:153–60.
- Banga AK, Chien YW. (1993). Hydrogel based iontotherapeutic delivery device for transdermal delivery of peptide/protein drugs. Pharm Res, 10:697–702.
- Anand S, Koul V, Rastogi R. (2006). Modulated DC iontophoretic device. Ind. patent application 710/DEL/2006.
- Scheuplein RJ. (1978). Skin as barrier. In: Jarret A, ed. The physiology and pathophysiology of skin. New York: Academic Press, 1693–730.
- Junod A, Lambert AE, Stauffacher W, Renold AE. (1969). Diabetogenic action of streptozotocin: Relationship of dose to metabolic response. J Clin Invest, 48:2129–39.
- Davies DJ, Ward RJ, Heylings JR. (2004). Multi-species assessment of electrical resistance as a skin integrity marker for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. Toxicol In Vitro, 18:351–8.
- Wester RC, Maibach HI. (1989). In vivo animal models for percutaneous absorption. In: Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, eds. Percutaneous absorption, mechanisms–methodology–drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker, 221–38.
- Craane-van-Hinsberg WHM, Bax L, Flinterman NHM, Verhoef J, Junginger HE, Bodde HE. (1994). Iontophoresis of a model peptide across human skin in vitro: Effects of iontophoresis protocol, pH, and ionic strength on peptide flux and skin impedance. Pharm Res, 11:1296–300.
- Raiman J, Koljonen M, Huikko K, Kostiainen R, Hirvonen J. (2004). Delivery and stability of LHRH and nafarelin in human skin: The effect of constant/pulsed iontophoresis. Eur J Pharm Sci, 21:371–7.
- Prasad R, Koul V, Anand S, Khar RK. (2007). Effect of DC/mDC iontophoresis and terpenes on transdermal permeation of methotrexate: In vitro study. Int J Pharm, 333:70–8.
- Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Boniforti L, Belsito F. (1979). Effects of aging on fatty acids in skin surface lipids. J Invest Dermatol, 73:112–7.
- Sauermann K, Clemann S, Jaspers S, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K, . (2002). Age related changes of human skin investigated with histometric measurements by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo. Skin Res Technol, 8:52–6.
- Bhattacharyya TK, Thomas JR. (2004). Histomorphologic changes in aging skin, observations in the CBA mouse model. Arch Facial Plast Surg, 6:21–5.
- van de Weert M, Haris PI, Hennink WE, Crommelin DJA. (2001). Fourier transform infrared spectrometric analysis of protein conformation: Effect of sampling method and stress factors. Anal Biochem, 297:160–9.
- Goates CY, Knutson K. (1994). Enhanced permeation of polar compounds through human epidermis. I. Permeability and membrane structural changes in the presence of short chain alcohols. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1195:169–79.
- Bunow MR, Levin IW. (1977). Comment on the carbon-hydrogen stretching region of vibrational Raman spectra of phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta, 487:388–94.
- Raffy S, Teissié J. (1999). Control of lipid membrane stability by cholesterol content. Biophys J, 76:2072–80.
- Baden HP, Bonar L, Katz E. (1968). The fibrous protein of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 50:301–5.
- Baden HP, Goldsmith LA, Bonar L. (1973). Conformational changes in the α-fibrous protein of epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 60:215–8.
- Oertel RP. (1977). Protein conformational changes induced in human stratum corneum by organic sulfoxides: An infra-red spectroscopic investigation. Biopolymers, 16:2329–45.
- Byler DM, Susi H. (1986). Examination of the secondary structure of proteins by deconvolved FTIR spectra. Biopolymers, 25:469–87.
- Bendit EG. (1966). Infrared absorption spectrum of keratin. I. Spectra of α-, β-, and supercontracted keratin. Biopolymers, 4:539–59.
- Chirgadze YN, Shestopalov BV, Venyaminov SY. (1973). Intensities and other spectral parameters of infrared amide bands of polypeptides in the beta- and random forms. Biopolymers, 12:1337–51.
- Tatulian SA. (2003). ATR-FTIR: A method of choice for studying membrane proteins and lipids. Biochemistry, 42:11898–907.
- Khurana R, Fink AL. (2000). Do parallel β-helix proteins have a unique Fourier transform infrared spectrum? Biophys J, 78:994–1000.
- Hirsch IB. (1999). Type 1 diabetes mellitus and the use of flexible iInsulin regimens. Am Fam Physician, 60:2343–56.
- Pillai O, Nair V, Poduri R, Panchagnula R. (1999). Transdermal iontophoresis. Part II: Peptide and protein delivery. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 21:229–41.
- Chien YW, Siddiqui Y, Sun Y, Shi WM, Liu JC. (1987). Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins (I) Insulin. In: Juliano RL, ed. Biological approaches in controlled delivery of drugs. Ann NY Acad Sci, 507:32–50.
- Pillai O, Panchagnula R. (2003). Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin V. Effect of terpenes. J Control Release, 88:287–96.
- Pillai O, Panchagnula R. (2004). Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin. VI. Influence of pretreatment with fatty acids on permeation across rat skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 17:289–97.
- Narishetty STK, Panchagnula R. (2004). Transdermal delivery of zidovudine: Effect of terpenes and their mechanism of action. J Control Release, 95:367–79.
- Rastogi SK, Singh J. (2005). Effect of chemical penetration enhancer and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of insulin through porcine epidermis. Pharm Dev Technol, 1:97–104.
- Hayakawa E, Chien DS, Inagaki K, Yamamoto A, Wang W, Lee VHL. (1992). Conjunctival penetration of insulin and peptide drugs in the albino rabbit. Pharm Res, 9:769–75.
- Johansson F, Hjertberg E, Eirefelt S, Tronde A, Bengtsson UH. (2002). Mechanisms for absorption enhancement of inhaled insulin by sodium taurocholate. Eur J Pharm Sci, 17:63–71.
- Rastogi SK, Singh J. (2002). Transepidermal transport enhancement of insulin by lipid extraction and iontophoresis. Pharm Res, 19:427–33.