References
- Simons FER, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, et al. World allergy organization guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:587–93, e1–e22
- Simons KJ, Simons FER. Epinephrine and its use in anaphylaxis: current issues. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;10:354–61
- Hoellein L, Holzgrabe U. Ficts and facts of epinephrine and norepinephrine stability in injectable solutions. Int J Pharm 2012;434:468–80
- EpiPen Product Monograph. New Jersey: Mylan Specialty L.P. [Online] 2012. Report No.: 03-914-01A. Available from: https://www.epipen.com/hcp/-/media/files/epipen/prescribing%20information.pdf [last accessed 24 Nov 2014]
- Gill MA, Kislik AZ, Gore L, Chandna A. Stability of advanced life support drugs in the field. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2004;61:597–602
- Rudland SV, Jacobs AG. Visiting bags: a labile thermal environment. BMJ 1994;308:954–6
- Carr RR, Decarie D, Ensom MHH. Stability of epinephrine at standard concentrations. Can J Hosp Pharm 2014;67:197–202
- De Winter S, Vanbrabant P, Vi NT, et al. Impact of temperature exposure on stability of drugs in a real-world out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 2013;62:380–7
- Rudland SV, Annus T, Dickinson J, Langdon S. Adrenaline degradation in general practice. Br J Clin Pract 1997;47:827–8
- Gammon DL, Su S, Jordan J, et al. Alteration in prehospital drug concentration after thermal exposure. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:566–73
- Küpper TE, Schraut B, Rieke B, et al. Drugs and drug administration in extreme environments. J Travel Med 2006;13:35–47
- Grant TA, Carroll RG, Church WH, et al. Environmental temperature variations cause degradations in epinephrine concentration and biological activity. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:319–22
- Church WH, Hu SS, Henry AJ. Thermal degradation of injectable epinephrine. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:306–9
- Simons FER, Gu X, Simons KJ. Outdated EpiPen and EpiPen Jr auto-injectors: past their prime? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1025–30
- Stonemen A, Torres A, Zheng H, Brodeur M. Stability of epinephrine in expired EpiPen products from EMS ambulances. AAPSJ 2014;16:W5370 (abstract)
- Rachid O, Simons FER, Wein MB, et al. Epinephrine doses contained in outdated epinephrine auto-injectors collected in a Florida allergy practice. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015;114:354–6.e1
- Rachid O, Simons FER, Rawas-Qalaji M, et al. Epinephrine auto-injectors: does freezing or refrigeration affect epinephrine dose delivery and enantiomeric purity? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015;3:294–6
- USP/NF. USP Monograph: epinephrine injection. 35/28 ed. Rockville (MD): United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.; 2008
- HPLC application for epinephrine. Torrance, California: Phenomenex. [Online] 2014. Report No.: 13630. Available from: http://www.phenomenex.com/Application/Detail/13630 [last accessed 24 Nov 2014]
- Rawas-Qalaji M, Simons FER, Collins D, Simons KJ. Long-term stability of epinephrine dispensed in unsealed syringes for the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009;102:500–3
- Fogel’son RL, Likhachev ER. Temperature dependence of liquid volume. Tech Phys 2009;54:1082–4
- Connors KA, Amidon GL, Stella VJ. Chemical stability of pharmaceuticals: a handbook for pharmacists. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication; 1986
- Stepensky D, Chorny M, Dabour Z, Schumacher I. Long-term stability study of l-adrenaline injections: kinetics of sulfonation and racemization pathways of drug degradation. J Pharm Sci 2004;93:969–80
- Ali I, Gupta VK, Aboul-Enein HY, et al. Role of racemization in optically active drugs development. Chirality 2007;19:453–63
- Grubstein B, Milano E. Stabilization of epinephrine in a local-anesthetic injectable solution using reduced levels of sodium metabisulfite and EDTA. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1992;18:1549–66
- Rawas-Qalaji MM, Rachid O, Simons FER, Simons KJ. Long-term stability of epinephrine sublingual tablets for the potential first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013;111:568–70