Systematic Review: Generating Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Concurrent Use of Dietary Antioxidants and Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy

REFERENCES

• Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998;280:1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Altern Ther Health Med 2005;11:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swarup AB, Barrett W, Jazieh AR. The use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2006;29:468–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MF, Bellizzi KM, Sufian M, Ambs AH, Goldstein MS, Ballard-Barbash R. Dietary supplement use in individuals living with cancer and other chronic conditions: a population-based study. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:483–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PE, Vasey JJ, Short PF, Hartman TJ. Dietary supplement use in adult cancer survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum 2009;36:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifried HE, McDonald SS, Anderson DE, Greenwald P, Milner JA. The antioxidant conundrum in cancer. Cancer Res 2003;63:4295–4298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drisko JA, Chapman J, Hunter VJ. The use of antioxidant therapies during chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2003;88:434–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KN, Cole WC, Kumar B, Che Prasad K. Pros and cons of antioxidant use during radiation therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2002;28:79–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone CB, 2nd, Simone NL, Simone V, Simone CB. Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 1. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone CB, 2nd, Simone NL, Simone V, Simone CB. Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 2. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesalski HK, Frank J. Antioxidants in cancer therapy: is there a rationale to recommend antioxidants during cancer therapy? Biofactors 2003;17:229–240.
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea GM. Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:319–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawenda BD, Kelly KM, Ladas EJ, Sagar SM, Vickers A, Blumberg JB. Should supplemental antioxidant administration be avoided during chemotherapy and radiation therapy? J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:773–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KN. Rationale for using high-dose multiple dietary antioxidants as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3182S–3183S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladas EJ, Jacobson JS, Kennedy DD, Teel K, Fleischauer A, Kelly KM. Antioxidants and cancer therapy: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:517–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin KA. Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutr Cancer 2000;37:1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology (Williston Park) 1999;13:1003–1008; discussion 1008, 1011–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block KI, Koch AC, Mead MN, Tothy PK, Newman RA, Gyllenhaal C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer 2008;123:1227–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivat-Hannah V, Zusi FC. Retinoids as therapeutic agents: today and tomorrow. Mini Rev Med Chem 2005;5:755–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Lara AM, Clarke N, Altucci L, Gronemeyer H. Retinoic-acid-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Trends Mol Med 2004;10:508–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen PF. Molecular mechanisms of chemoprevention and therapy of cancer by retinoids. Front Biosci 2004;9:2663–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, Wilkinson P, Prescott RJ, Quinn KJ, Tedeschi M. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8:569–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnis FX, Coleman RE, Harper PG, Pickering D, Topham C, Whittington JR, Tedeschi M. A randomised double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial assessing the tolerability and efficacy of glutathione as an adjuvant to escalating doses of cisplatin in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo N, Bini S, Miceli D, Bogliun G, Marzorati L, Cavaletti G, Parmigiani F, Venturino P, Tedeschi M, Frattola L, Buratti C, Mangioni C. Weekly cisplatin +/− glutathione in relapsed ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaxe S, Freddo J, Kim S, Kirmani S, McClay E, Christen R, Braly P, Howell S. Phase I trial of cisplatin in combination with glutathione. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, Spatti GB, Pirovano C, Tedeschi M, Zunino F. High-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 1993;4:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Re F, Bohm S, Oriana S, Spatti GB, Zunino F. Efficacy and safety of high-dose cisplatin and cyclophosphamide with glutathione protection in the treatment of bulky advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990;25:355–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm S, Battista Spatti G, Di Re F, Oriana S, Pilotti S, Tedeschi M, Tognella S, Zunino F. A feasibility study of cisplatin administration with low-volume hydration and glutathione protection in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1991;11:1613–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirovano C, Balzarini A, Bohm S, Oriana S, Spatti GB, Zunino F. Peripheral neurotoxicity following high-dose cisplatin with glutathione: clinical and neurophysiological assessment. Tumori 1992;78:253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Labianca R, Alessandroni P, Marcellini M, Silva RR, Pancera G, Testa E, Martignoni G, Barni S, Frontini L, Zaniboni A, Luporini G, Cellerino R, Catalano G. Intensive weekly chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer using fluorouracil, cisplatin, epi-doxorubicin, 6S-leucovorin, glutathione, and filgrastim: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:3313–3319.
   Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Scartozzi M, Labianca R, Catalano V, Silva RR, Barni S, Zaniboni A, D'Angelo A, Salvagni S, Martignoni G, Beretta GD, Graziano F, Berardi R, Franciosi V. High curative resection rate with weekly cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin, 6S-leucovorin, glutathione, and filgastrim in patients with locally advanced, unresectable gastric cancer: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD). Br J Cancer 2004;90:1521–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, Fronzoni M, Catalano G. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Labianca R, Graziano F, Pancera G, Barni S, Frontini L, Luporini G, Cellerino R, Catalano G. Intensive weekly chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer using 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, epidoxorubicin, 6S-leucovorin, glutathione and filgrastim: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD). Br J Cancer 1998;78:390–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano F, Cardarelli N, Marcellini M, Menichetti ET, Catalano G, Cascinu S. A pilot clinical trial of postoperative intensive weekly chemotherapy using cisplatin, epi-doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, 6S-leucovorin, glutathione and filgrastim in patients with resected gastric cancer. Tumori 1998;84:368–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Catalano G. Intensive weekly chemotherapy for elderly gastric cancer patients, using 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, epi-doxorubicin, 6S-leucovorin and glutathione with the support of G-CSF. Tumori 1995;81:32–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontanelli R, Spatti G, Raspagliesi F, Zunino F, Di Re F. A preoperative single course of high-dose cisplatin and bleomycin with glutathione protection in bulky stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix. Ann Oncol 1992;3:117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidinger M, Budinsky AC, Wenzel C, Piribauer M, Brix R, Kautzky M, Oder W, Locker GJ, Zielinski CC, Steger GG. Glutathione in the prevention of cisplatin induced toxicities. A prospectively randomized pilot trial in patients with head and neck cancer and non small cell lung cancer. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000;112:617–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascinu S, Catalano V, Cordella L, Labianca R, Giordani P, Baldelli AM, Beretta GD, Ubiali E, Catalano G. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3478–3483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Maria D, Falchi AM, Venturino P. Adjuvant radiotherapy of the pelvis with or without reduced glutathione: a randomized trial in patients operated on for endometrial cancer. Tumori 1992;78:374–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogliun G ML, Marzola M, Miceli MD, Cantù MG, Cavaletti G. Neurotoxicity of cisplatin +/- reduced glutathione in the first-line treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1996;6:415–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajetta E, Rimassa L, Carnaghi C, Del Vecchio M, Celio L, Cassata A. Preliminary experience with high-dose cisplatin, reduced glutathione and natural interferon-alpha in dacarbazine-resistant malignant melanoma. Tumori 1998;84:48–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli MC, D'Antona A, Labianca R, Vinci M, Tedeschi M, Carcione R, Corbo A, Venturino P, Luporini G. A phase II study of combination chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide plus reduced glutathione as potential protective agent against cisplatin toxicity. Tumori 1993;79:37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oriana S, Bohm S, Spatti G, Zunino F, Di Re F. A preliminary clinical experience with reduced glutathione as protector against cisplatin-toxicity. Tumori 1987;73:337–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm S, Oriana S, Spatti G, Di Re F, Breasciani G, Pirovano C, Grosso I, Martini C, Caraceni A, Pilotti S, Zunino F. Dose intensification of platinum compounds with glutathione protection as induction chemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma. Oncology 1999;57:115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebbia V, Valenza R, Testa A, Zerillo G, Restivo S, Cupido G, Ingria F, Spadafora G, Barbaccia C, Cannata G, Weekly 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid plus escalating doses of cisplatin with glutathione protection in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992;9:165–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cozzaglio L, Doci R, Colella G, Zunino F, Casciarri G, Gennari L. A feasibility study of high-dose cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with glutathione protection in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Tumori 1990;76:590–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobile MT, Vidili MG, Benasso M, Venturini M, Tedeschi M, Zunino F, Rosso R. A preliminary clinical study of cyclophosphamide with reduced glutathione as uroprotector. Tumori 1989;75:257–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace A, Savarese A, Picardo M, Maresca V, Pacetti U, Del Monte G, Biroccio A, Leonetti C, Jandolo B, Cognetti F, Bove L. Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:927–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyriou AA, Chroni E, Koutras A, Ellul J, Papapetropoulos S, Katsoulas G, Iconomou G, Kalofonos HP. Vitamin E for prophylaxis against chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2005;64:26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke CD, Stipanov M, Morrow J, Rothenberg M, Chinery R, Shyr Y, Coffey R, Johnson DH, Leach SD, Beauchamp RD. A phase I study of vitamin E, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin for advanced malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2001;19:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira PR, Fleck JF, Diehl A, Barletta D, Braga-Filho A, Barletta A, Ilha L. Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in head and neck cancer radiation-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized trial. Head Neck 2004;26:313–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misirlioglu CH, Demirkasimoglu T, Kucukplakci B, Sanri E, Altundag K. Pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol in prevention of radiation-induced lung toxicity in patients with lung cancer. Med Oncol 2007;24:308–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misirlioglu CH, Erkal H, Elgin Y, Ugur I, Altundag K. Effect of concomitant use of pentoxifylline and alpha-tocopherol with radiotherapy on the clinical outcome of patients with stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Med Oncol 2006;23:185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman SA, Lorell B, Carey RW, Kaufman S, Stossel TP. Prospective study of tocopherol prophylaxis for anthracycline cardiac toxicity. Curr Ther Res 1980;28:682–686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Jimenez M, Diaz-Rubio E, Gonzalez Larriba JL, Sangro B. Failure of high-dose tocopherol to prevent alopecia induced by doxorubicin. N Engl J Med 1986;315:894–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bairati I, Meyer F, Gelinas M, Fortin A, Nabid A, Brochet F, Mercier JP, Têtu B, Harel F, Abdous B, Vigneault E, Vass S, Del Vecchio P, Roy J. A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:481–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bairati I, Meyer F, Gelinas M, Randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent acute adverse effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5805–5813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzhofer R, Ganzinger U, Rameis H, Moser K. Acute cardiac toxicity in patients after doxorubicin treatment and the effect of combined tocopherol and nifedipine pretreatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1983;106:143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker JA, Al-Ismail SAD. Effect of digoxin and vitamin E in preventing cardiac damage caused by doxorubicin in acute myeloid leukaemia. Brit Med J 1984;288:283–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PC, Lee MY, Wang WS, Yen CC, Chao TC, Hsiao LT, Yang MH, Chen PM, Lin KP, Chiou TJ. N-acetylcysteine has neuroprotective effects against oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients: preliminary data. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:484–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers C, Bonow R, Palmeri S, Jenkins J, Corden B, Locker G, Doroshow J, Epstein S. A randomized controlled trial assessing the prevention ofdoxorubicin cardiomyopathy by N-acetylcysteine. Semin Oncol 1983;10:53–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehrer PJ, Sr., Birch R, Kramer BS, Greco FA, Einhorn LH. Ifosfamide plus N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of small cell and non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group Trial. Cancer Treat Rep 1986;70:919–920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan LR, Donley PJ, Harrison EF, Hunter HL. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on the urotoxicity produced by oxazaphosphorine without interference with anticancer activity. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1982;18:113–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maasilta P, Holsti LR, Blomqvist P, Kivisaari L, Mattson K. N-acetylcysteine in combination with radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a feasibility study. Radiother Oncol 1992;25:192–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kountouras J, Boura P, Karolides A, Zaharioudaki E, Tsapas G. Recombinant a2 interferon (a-IFN) with chemo-hormonal therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatogastroenterology 1995;42:31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman JE, Weber CW, Silverman S, Jr., Coulthard SL, Manning MR. Zinc supplementation and taste in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. J Oral Med 1983;38:14–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pathak AK, Bhutani M, Guleria R, Bal S, Mohan A, Mohanti BK, Sharma A, Pathak R, Bhardwaj NK, Prasad KN, Kochupillai V. Chemotherapy alone vs. chemotherapy plus high dose multiple antioxidants in patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24:16–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iarussi D, Auricchio U, Agretto A, Murano A, Giuliano M, Casale F, Indolfi P, Iacono A. Protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on anthracyclines cardiotoxicity: control study in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Mol Aspects Med 1994;15(Suppl):s207–s212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijl NI, Elsendoorn TJ, Lentjes EG, Hopman GD, Wipkink-Bakker A, Zwinderman AH, Cleton FJ, Osanto S. Supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients and chemotherapy-induced toxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:1713–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsendoorn TJ, Weijl NI, Mithoe S, Zwinderman AH, Van Dam F, De Zwart FA, Tates AD, Osanto S. Chemotherapy-induced chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients supplemented with antioxidants or placebo. Mutat Res 2001;498:145–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagdi P, Fluri M, Aeschbacher B, Fikrle A, Meier B. Cardioprotection in patients undergoing chemo- and/or radiotherapy for neoplastic disease. A pilot study. Jpn Heart J 1996;37:353–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fakih MG, Pendyala L, Smith PF, Creaven PJ, Reid ME, Badmaev V, Azrak RG, Prey JD, Lawrence D, Rustum YM. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of fixed-dose selenomethionine and irinotecan in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1237–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlis NJ, McCafferty-Grad J, Jordan-McMurry I, Neil J, Reis I, Kharfan-Dabaja M, Eckman J, Goodman M, Fernandez HF, Boise LH, Lee KP. Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:3658–3668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YJ, Chen Y, Zhang YQ, Zhou MZ, Song XM, Zhang BZ, Luo L, Xu PM, Zhao YN, Zhao YB, Cheng G. The protective role of selenium on the toxicity of cisplatin-contained chemotherapy regimen in cancer patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;56:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge JK. Vitamin E bioavailability in humans. J Plant Physiol 2005;162:790–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad KN, Kumar B, Yan XD, Hanson AJ, Cole WC. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, the most effective form of vitamin E for adjuvant cancer treatment: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:108–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou C, Papas A, Constantinou AI. Vitamin E and cancer: an insight into the anticancer activities of vitamin E isomers and analogs. Int J Cancer 2008;123:739–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dersjant-Li Y, Peisker M. Utilization of stereoisomers from alpha-tocopherol in livestock animals. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010;94:413–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A, Imrhan V. Vitamin E and prostate cancer: is vitamin E succinate a superior chemopreventive agent? Nutr Rev 2005;63:247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from http: //www.clinicaltrials.gov
   Google Scholar
• Zunino F, Pratesi G, Micheloni A, Cavalletti E, Sala F, Tofanetti O. Protective effect of reduced glutathione against cisplatin-induced renal and systemic toxicity and its influence on the therapeutic activity of the antitumor drug. Chem Biol Interact 1989;70:89–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamers FP, Brakkee JH, Cavalletti E, Tedeschi M, Marmonti L, Pezzoni G, Neijt JP, Gispen WH. Reduced glutathione protects against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Cancer Res 1993;53:544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi M, Bohm S, Di Re F, Oriana S, Spatti GB, Tognella S, Zunino F. Glutathione and detoxification. Cancer Treat Rev 1990;17:203–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai K, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Suzuki E, Uchida Y, Kodaira K, Miyajima A, Ohigashi T, Nakashima J, Oya M. Vitamin E succinate induced apoptosis and enhanced chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in human bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2010;101:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasetti M, Neuzil J. Vitamin E analogues and immune response in cancer treatment. Vitam Horm 2007;76:463–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney C, McClure GY, Fares MY, Stone A, Coles BF, Thompson PA, Korourian S, Hutchins LF, Kadlubar FF, Ambrosone CB. Association between survival after treatment for breast cancer and glutathione S-transferase P1 Ile105Val polymorphism. Cancer Res 2000;60:5621–5624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: evidence in terms of response rate. Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:896–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grem JL. 5-Fluoropyrimidines. In Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice, 4th edition, Chapter 7, BA Chabner and DL Longo (eds.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006;127–182.
   Google Scholar
• US National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Message from the DCTD Director: DCTD research interests. Retrieved January 22, 2011, from http: //dctd.cancer.gov/DirectorsMessage/default.htm#research_interests
   Google Scholar
• US National Institutes of Health. Program announcement: developmental projects in complementary approaches to cancer care and treatment (R21) ( Program announcement number PA-09–167). Retrieved January 22, 2011, from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/pa-09–167.html
   Google Scholar
• US National Institutes of Health. Program announcement: developmental projects in complementary approaches to cancer care and treatment (R03) ( Program announcement number PA-09–168). Retrieved January 22, 2011, from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/pa-09–168.html
   Google Scholar