Case–Control Study of Breast Cancer in India: Role of PERIOD3 Clock Gene Length Polymorphism and Chronotype

REFERENCES

• Leong SP, Shen ZZ, Liu TJ, Agarwal G, Tajima T, Paik NS, Sandelin K, Derossis A, Cody H, Foulkes WD. Is breast cancer the same disease in Asian and Western countries? World J Surg 2010;34:2308–2324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert JR, Ghumare SS, Gupta PC. Stage at diagnosis and relative differences in breast and prostate cancer incidence in India: comparison with the United States. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006;7:547–555.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeole BB, Kurkure AP. An epidemiological assessment of increasing incidence and trends in breast cancer in Mumbai and other sites in India, during the last two decades. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2003;4:51–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebisawa T. Circadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: human sleep disorders and clock genes. J Pharmacol Sci 2007;103:150–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch JB, Wirth M, Yang X. Disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep: role in carcinogenesis. In: The Encyclopedia of Sleep, CA Kushida (ed.). Vol. 3. Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2013;150–155.
   Google Scholar
• Gery S, Koeffler HP. Circadian rhythms and cancer. Cell Cycle 2010;9:1097–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Brown HN, Zhang Y, Stevens RG, Zheng T. Period3 structural variation: a circadian biomarker associated with breast cancer in young women. Cancer Epi Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:268–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson C, Willeit M, Smedh C, Ekholm J, Paunio T, Kieseppä T, Lichtermann D, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Nilsson LG, Kasper S, Peltonen L, Adolfsson R, Schalling M, Partonen T. Circadian clock related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:734–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk DJ, Archer SN. PERIOD3, circadian phenotypes, and sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2010;14:151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti T, Merikanto I, Partonen T. Circadian clock disruptions and the risk of cancer. Ann Med 2012;44:847–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih HC, Choo KB, Chang TJ, Yang MY, Shih MC, Yeh KT, Liu TC, Lin SF, Chang JG. Disturbance of circadian gene expression in endometrial cancer: detection by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Oncol Rep 2005;14:1533–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ST, Choo KB, Hou MF, Yeh KT, Kuo SJ, Chang JG. Deregulated expression of the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes in breast cancers. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:1241–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Yan D, Teng M, Fan J, Zhou C, Li D, Qiu G, Sun X, Li T, Xing T, Tang H, Peng X, Peng Z. Reduced expression of PER3 is associated with incidence and development of colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:3081–3088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood PA, Yang X, Hrushesky WJ. Clock genes and cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2009;8:303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann O, Kesselmeier M, Geffers R, Pellegrino R, Radlwimmer B, Hoffmann K, Ehemann V, Schemmer P, Schirmacher P, Lorenzo Bermejo J, Longerich T. Methylome analysis and integrative profiling of human HCCs identify novel protumorigenic factors. Hepatology 2012;56:1817–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climent J, Perez-Losada J, Quigley DA, Kim IJ, Delrosario R, Jen KY, Bosch A, Lluch A, Mao JH, Balmain A. Deletion of the PER3 gene on chromosome 1p36 in recurrent ER-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:3770–3778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadkarni NA, Weale ME, von Schantz M, Thomas MG. Evolution of a length polymorphism in the human PER3 gene, a component of the circadian system. J Biol Rhythms 2005;20:490–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth M, Burch J, Violanti J, Burchfiel C, Fekedulegn D, Andrew M, Zhang H, Miller DB, Youngstedt SD, Hebert JR, Vena JE. Association of the Period3 clock gene length polymorphism with salivary cortisol secretion among police officers. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2013;34:27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar AS, Slak A, Lo JC, Santhi N, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Groeger JA, Dijk DJ. Sleep, diurnal preference, health, and psychological well-being: a prospective single-allelic-variation study. Chronobiol Int 2012;29:131–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ, Smits M, Williams A, Arendt J, von Schantz M. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 2003;26:413–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira DS, Tufik S, Louzada FM, Benedito-Silva AA, Lopez AR, Lemos NA, Korczak AL, D'Almeida V, Pedrazzoli M. Association of the length polymorphism in the human Per3 gene with the delayed sleep-phase syndrome: does latitude have an influence upon it? Sleep 2005;28:29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osland TM, Bjorvatn BR, Steen VM, Pallesen S. Association study of a variable-number tandem repeat polymorphism in the clock gene PERIOD3 and Chronotype in Norwegian university students. Chronobiol Int 2011;28:764–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay NL, Eley TC, Mill J, Wong CC, Zavos HM, Archer SN, Gregory AM. Sleep quality and diurnal preference in a sample of young adults: associations with 5HTTLPR, PER3, and CLOCK 3111. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156B: 681–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai H, Zhang L, Cao M, Song F, Zheng H, Zhu X, Wei Q, Zhang W, Chen K. The role of polymorphisms in circadian pathway genes in breast tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;127:531–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, Allebrandt K, Gordijn M, Merrow M. Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev 2007;11:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelminski I, Petros TV, Plaud JJ, Ferraro FR. Psychometric properties of the reduced Horne and Ostberg questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif 2000;29:469–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskenvuo M, Hublin C, Partinen M, Heikkila K, Kaprio J. Heritability of diurnal type: a nationwide study of 8753 adult twin pairs. J Sleep Res 2007;16:156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb DJ, O'Connor GT, Wilk JB. Genome-wide association of sleep and circadian phenotypes. BMC Med Genet 2007;8(Suppl. 1):S9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy JF, Rimmer DW, Czeisler CA. Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness-eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase. Behav Neurosci 2001;115:895–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Lahti T, Partonen T. Relation of chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population. Chronobiol Int 2012;29:311–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspar-Barba E, Calati R, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Ontiveros-Uribe MP, Natale V, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Depressive symptomatology is influenced by chronotypes. J Aff Dis 2009;119:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Lahti T, Puolijoki H, Vanhala M, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Vartiainen E, Salomaa V, Kronholm E, Partonen T. Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:470–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S. Morningness and eveningness: the free cortisol rise after awakening in “early birds” and “night owls”. Biol Psychol 2006;72:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe T, Inoue Y, Komada Y, Nakamura M, Asaoka S, Kanno M, Shibui K, Hayashida K, Usui A, Takahashi K. Relation between morningness-eveningness score and depressive symptoms among patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med 2011;12:680–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura S, Hida A, Watanabe M, Enomoto M, Aritake-Okada S, Moriguchi Y, Kamei Y, Mishima K. Evening preference is related to the incidence of depressive states independent of sleep–wake conditions. Chronobiol Int 2010;27:1797–17812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillard J, Philip P, Bioulac B. Morningness/eveningness and the need for sleep. J Sleep Res 1999;8:291–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Billy BD, Fletcher ME, Kennedy KS, Schlarb JE, Beach SR. Circadian type and bed-timing regularity in 654 retired seniors: correlations with subjective sleep measures. Sleep 2011;34:235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Theadom A, Roenneberg T, Cropley M. Fibromyalgia syndrome and chronotype: late chronotypes are more affected. J Biol Rhythms 2012;27:176–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillard J, Philip P, Chastang JF, Diefenbach K, Bioulac B. Is self-reported morbidity related to the circadian clock? J Biol Rhythms 2001 16:183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Juda M, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. Shift-work research: where do we stand, where should we go? Sleep Biol Rhythms 2010;8:95–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatti P, Mirick DK, Davis S. Invited commentary: shift work and cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176:760–763; discussion 764–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren TC. Shift work and cancer research: can chronotype predict susceptibility in night-shift and rotating-shift workers? Occup Environ Med 2013;70:283–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saksvik IB, Bjorvatn B, Hetland H, Sandal GM, Pallesen S. Individual differences in tolerance to shift work—a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2011;15:221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen J, Lassen CF. Nested case–control study of night shift work and breast cancer risk among women in the Danish military. Occup Environ Med 2012;69:551–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramin C, Devore EE, Pierre-Paul J, Duffy JF, Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES. Chronotype and breast cancer risk in a cohort of US nurses. Chronobiol Int 2013;30:1181–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girschik J, Heyworth J, Fritschi L. Self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and breast cancer risk in a population-based case–control study. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:316–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol: CB 2012;22:939–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levandovski R, Dantas G, Fernandes LC, Caumo W, Torres I, Roenneberg T, Hidalgo MP, Allebrandt KV. Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiol Int 2011;28:771–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Noord PA. Breast cancer and the brain: a neurodevelopmental hypothesis to explain the opposing effects of caloric deprivation during the Dutch famine of 1944–1945 on breast cancer and its risk factors. J Nutr 2004;134:3399S–3406S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow KH, Lafferty P. Quality of life, survivorship, and psychosocial adjustment of young women with breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 2000;27:1555–1564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotnis A, Namkung J, Kannan S, Jayakrupakar N, Park T, Sarin R, Mulherkar R. Multiple pathway-based genetic variations associated with tobacco related multiple primary neoplasms. PLoS One 2012;7:e30013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989;28: 193–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton J, Spelten E, Totterdell P, Smith L, Folkard S, Costa G. The Standard Shiftwork Index: a battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work Stress 1995;9:4–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti F, Dallaspezia S, Colombo C, Pirovano A, Marino E, Smeraldi E. A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 influences age at onset of bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2008;445:184–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa AA, Pedrazzolli M, Tufik S. Do Caucasian and Asian clocks tick differently? Sleep 2009;32:A398–A398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens RG. Working against our endogenous circadian clock: breast cancer and electric lighting in the modern world. Mutat Res 2009;679:6–8.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2010;98:806.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen J, Stevens RG. Case–control study of shift-work and breast cancer risk in Danish nurses: impact of shift systems. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:1722–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lie JA, Kjuus H, Zienolddiny S, Haugen A, Stevens RG, Kjaerheim K. Night work and breast cancer risk among Norwegian nurses: assessment by different exposure metrics. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:1272–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent ME, El-Zein M, Rousseau MC, Pintos J, Siemiatycki J. Night work and the risk of cancer among men. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176:751–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsson A, Alfredsson L, Karlsson B, Akerstedt T, Fransson EI, Westerholm P, Westerlund H. Breast cancer among shift workers: results of the WOLF longitudinal cohort study. Scand J Work, Environ Health 2013;39:170–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menegaux F, Truong T, Anger A, Cordina-Duverger E, Lamkarkach F, Arveux P, Kerbrat P, Fevotte J, Guenel P. Night work and breast cancer: a population-based case–control study in France (the CECILE study). Int J Cancer. J Int du Cancer 2013;132:924–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabstein S, Harth V, Pesch B, Pallapies D, Lotz A, Justenhoven C, Baisch C, Schiffermann M, Haas S, Fischer HP, Heinze E, Pierl C, Brauch H, Hamann U, Ko Y, Bruning T. Night work and breast cancer estrogen receptor status—results from the German GENICA study. Scand J Work, Environ Health 2013;39:448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritschi L, Erren TC, Glass DC, Girschik J, Thomson AK, Saunders C, Boyle T, El-Zaemey S, Rogers P, Peters S, Slevin T, D'Orsogna A, de Vocht F, Vermeulen R, Heyworth JS. The association between different night shiftwork factors and breast cancer: a case–control study. Br J Cancer 2013;109:2472–2480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy A, Richardson H, Burstyn I, Lohrisch C, Sengupta SK, Lai AS, Lee D, Spinelli JJ, Aronson KJ. Increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term shift work in Canada. Occup Environ Med 2013;70:831–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int 2006;23:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrazzoli M, Secolin R, Esteves LO, Pereira DS, Koike Bdel V, Louzada FM, Lopes-Cendes I, Tufik S. Interactions of polymorphisms in different clock genes associated with circadian phenotypes in humans. Genet Mol Biol 2010;33:627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer SN, Viola AU, Kyriakopoulou V, von Schantz M, Dijk DJ. Inter-individual differences in habitual sleep timing and entrained phase of endogenous circadian rhythms of BMAL1, PER2 and PER3 mRNA in human leukocytes. Sleep 2008;31: 608–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, Eide EJ, Hinz WA, Virshup DM, Ptacek LJ, Fu YH. An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 2001;291:1040–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid KJ, Chang AM, Dubocovich ML, Turek FW, Takahashi JS, Zee PC. Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1089–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Toh KL, Jones CR, Shin JY, Fu YH, Ptacek LJ. Modeling of a human circadian mutation yields insights into clock regulation by PER2. Cell 2007;128:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu X, Xing L, Shi G, Liu Z, Wang X, Qu Z, Wu X, Dong Z, Gao X, Liu G, Yang L, Xu Y. The circadian mutation PER2(S662G) is linked to cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2012;19:397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCSDR. 2003 National Sleep Disorders Research Plan. National Center on Sleep Disorders Research 2003; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 03-5209). Bethesda, MD: NHLBI.
   Google Scholar
• Hebert JR, Daguise VG, Hurley DM, Wilkerson RC, Mosley CM, Adams SA, Puett R, Burch JB, Steck SE, Bolick-Aldrich SW. Mapping cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios to illustrate racial and sex disparities in a high-risk population. Cancer 2009;115:2539–2552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman CI, Molina TA, Dziepak ME, Smith MR. Blacks (African Americans) have shorter free-running circadian periods than whites (Caucasian Americans). Chronobiol Int 2012;29:1072–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar