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ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer: Frequently Asked Questions When Guidelines are Inconclusive

A. PallaRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa ItalyCorrespondence[email protected]
,
A. CeliRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
,
L. MarconiRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
,
F. PistelliRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
,
L. TavantiRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
,
M. DesideriRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
&
L. CarrozziRespiratory Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
 show all
Pages 142-151 | Received 06 Feb 2014, Accepted 15 Jan 2015, Published online: 17 Mar 2015

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APPENDIX: SUGGESTED REFERENCES: Introduction

  • Kakkar AK, Levine M, Pinedo HM, Wolff R, Wong J. Venous thrombosis in cancer patients: insights from the FRONTLINE survey. Oncologist 2003;8:381–388.
  • Bura A, Cailleux N, Bienvenu B, Léger P, Bissery A, Boccalon H, Fiessinger JN, Levesque H, Emmerich J. Incidence and prognosis of cancer associated with bilateral venous thrombosis: a prospective study of 103 patients. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:441–444.
  • Otten HM, Mathijssen J, ten Cate H, Soesan M, Inghels M, Richel DJ, Prins MH. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: an underestimated phenomenon. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:190–194.
  • Falanga A, Zacharski L. Deep vein thrombosis in cancer: the scale of the problem and approaches to management. Ann Oncol 2005;16:696–701.
  • Tateo S, Mereu L, Salamano S, Klersy C, Barone M, Spyropoulos AC, Piovella F. Ovarian cancer and venous thromboembolic risk. Gynecol Oncol 2005;99:119–125.
  • Ziegler S, Sperr WR, Knöbl P, Lehr S, Weltermann A, Jäger U, Valent P, Lechner K. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in acute leukemia. Incidence, risk factors, and impact on prognosis. Thromb Res 2005;115:59–64.
  • Martino MA, Borges E, Williamson E, Siegfried S, Cantor AB, Lancaster J, Roberts WS, Hoffman MS. Pulmonary embolism after major abdominal surgery in gynaecologic oncology. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:666–671.
  • Stein PD, Beemath A, Meyers FA, Skaf E, Sanchez J, Olson RE. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with cancer. Am J Med 2006;119:60–68.
  • Agnelli G, Bolis G, Capussotti L, Scarpa RM, Tonelli F, Bonizzoni E, Moia M, Parazzini F, Rossi R, Sonaglia F, Valarani B, Bianchini C, Gussoni G. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery: the @RISTOS project. Ann Surg 2006;243:89–95.
  • Tesselaar ME, Osanto S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in lung cancer. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13:362–367.
  • Scarpa RM, Carrieri G, Gussoni G, Tubaro A, Conti G, Pagliarulo V, Mirone V, De Lisa A, Fiaccavento G, Cormio L, Bonizzoni E, Agnelli G; @RISTOS Study Group. Clinically overt venous thromboembolism after urologic cancer surgery: results from the @RISTOS Study. Eur Urol 2007;51:130–135.
  • Imberti D, Agnelli G, Ageno W, Moia M, Palareti G, Pistelli R, Rossi R, Verso M; MASTER Investigators. Clinical characteristics and management of cancer-associated acute venous thromboembolism: findings from the MASTER Registry. Haematologica 2008;93:273–278.
  • Fotopoulou C, duBois A, Karavas AN, Trappe R, Aminossadati B, Schmalfeldt B, Pfisterer J, Sehouli J; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing platinum/paclitaxel-containing first-line chemotherapy: an exploratory analysis by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2683–2689.
  • Secin FP, Jiborn T, Bjartell AS, Fournier G, Salomon L, Abbou CC, Haber GP, Gill IS, Crocitto LE, Nelson RA, Cansino Alcaide JR, Martínez-Piñeiro L, Cohen MS, Tuerk I, Schulman C, Gianduzzo T, Eden C, Baumgartner R, Smith JA, Entezari K, van Velthoven R, Janetschek G, Serio AM, Vickers AJ, Touijer K, Guillonneau B. Multiinstitutional study of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in prostate cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2008;53:134–145.
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  • Beyer J, Wessela S, Hakenberg OW, Kuhlisch E, Halbritter K, Froehner M, Wirth MP, Schellong SM. Incidence, risk profile and morphological pattern of venous thromboembolism after prostate cancer surgery. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:597–604.
  • Noble S, Pasi J. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cancer-associated thrombosis. Br J Cancer 2010;102:S2–S9.
  • Zhou X, Teegala S, Huen A, Ji Y, Fayad L, Hagemeister FB, Gladish G, Vadhan-Raj S. Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolic events in lymphoma. Am J Med 2010;123:935–941.
  • Saka M, Morita S, Fukagawa T, Nijjar R, Katai H. Incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism in gastric cancer surgery using routine thromboprophylaxis. Gastric Cancer 2010;13:117–122.
  • Beyer-Westendorf J, Werth S, Halbritter K, Weiss N. Cancer in males and risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2010;125:S155–S159.
  • Okadome M, Saito T, Miyahara D, Yamanaka T, Kuroiwa T, Kurihara Y. Postoperative pulmonary embolism including asymptomatic cases in gynaecologic oncology. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010;20:655–663.
  • Lee KW, Bang SM, Kim S, Lee HJ, Shin DY, Koh Y, Lee YG, Cha Y, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Oh D, Lee JS. The incidence, risk factors and prognostic implications of venous thromboembolism in patients with gastric cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:540–547.
  • Sparsa A, Durox H, Doffoel-Hantz V, Munyangango EM, Bédane C, Cendras J, Gantois C, Boulinguez S, Bonnetblanc JM. High prevalence and risk factors of thromboembolism in stage IV melanoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:340–344.
  • Chavez-MacGregor M, Zhao H, Kroll M, Fang S, Zhang N, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA, Shih YC, Giordano SH. Risk factors and incidence of thromboembolic events (TEEs) in older men and women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2011;22:2394–2402.

Question 1

  • Hanson PO, Sorbo J, Eriksson H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis. Incidence and risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2000;1260:769–774.
  • Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ III. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:761–768.
  • Baglin T, Ludington R, Brown K, Baglin C. Incidence of recurring venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet 2003;362:523–526.
  • Lin J, Proctor MC, Varma M, Greenfield LJ, Upchurch GR, Henke PK. Factors associated with recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with malignant disease. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:976–983.
  • Elting LS, Escalante CP, Cooksley C, Avritscher EB, Kurtin D, Hamblin L, Khosla SG, Rivera E. Outcomes and costs of deep vein thrombosis among patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1653–1661.
  • Nieto JA, De Tuesta AD, Marchena PJ, Tiberio G, Todoli JA, Samperiz AL, Monreal M; Riete Investigators. Clinical outcomes of patients with venous thromboembolism and recent major bleeding: findings from a prospective registry (RIETE). J Thomb Haemost 2005;3:703–709.
  • Kakkar AK, Haas S, Wolf H, Encke A. Evaluation of perioperative fatal pulmonary embolism and death in cancer surgical patients: the MC-4 cancer substudy. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:867–871.
  • Lee AY, Levine MN, Butler G, Webb C, Costantini L, Gu C, Julian JA. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of catheter-related thrombosis in adult patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1404–1408.
  • Monreal M, Prandoni P, di Micco P, Barba R, Trujillo-Santos J, Rivron-Guillot K, Decousus H. Lessons learned from cancer/VTE Registries: report from RIETE. Thromb Res 2007;120:S62–S63.
  • Engman CA, Zacharski LR. Low molecular weight heparins as extended prophylaxis against recurrent thrombosis in cancer patients. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2008;6:637–645.
  • Trujillo-Santos J, Casas JM, Casado I, Samperiz AL, Quintavalla R, Sahuquillo JC, Monreal M; RIETE Investigators. Thirty-day mortality rate in women with cancer and venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Res 2011;127:S1–S4.

Question 2

  • Taliani MR, Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Becattini C, Moia M, Bazzan M, Ageno W, Tomasi C, Guazzaloca G, Ambrosio GB, Bertoldi A, Salvi R, Poggio R, Silingardi M; Warfarin Optimal Duration Italian Trial (WODIT) Investigators. Incidence of cancer after a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism treated with 3 months or 1 year of oral anticoagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1730–1733.
  • Polite BN, Lamont EB. Are venous thromboembolic events associated with subsequent breast and colorectal carcinoma diagnoses in the elderly? A case-control study of edicare beneficiaries. Cancer 2006;106:923–930.
  • Monreal M, Prandoni P, di Micco P, Barba R, Trujillo-Santos J, Rivron-Guillot K, Decousus H. Lessons learned from cancer/VTE Registries: report from RIETE. Thromb Res 2007;120(Suppl 2):S62–S63.
  • Jara-Palomares L, Rodríguez-Matute C, Elías-Hernández T, Rodríguez-Portal JA, López-Campos JL, Garcia-Ibarra H, Barrot-Cortés E, Otero-Candelera R. Testing for occult cancer in patients with pulmonary embolism: results from a screening program and a two-year follow-up survey. Thromb Res 2010;125:29–33.
  • Menapace LA, Peterson DR, Berry A, Sousou T, Khorana AA. Symptomatic and incidental thromboembolism are both associated with mortality in pancreatic cancer. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:371–378.
  • Tafur AJ, Kalsi H, Wysokinski WE, McBane RD, Ashrani AA, Marks RS, Crusan DJ, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Heit JA. The association of active cancer with venous thromboembolism location: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86:25–30.
  • Choi S, Lee KW, Bang SM, Kim S, Lee JO, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Park YS, Kim DW, Kang SB, Kim JS, Oh D, Lee JS. Different characteristics and prognostic impact of deep-vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism and intraabdominal venous thrombosis in colorectal cancer patients. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:1084–1094.
  • Sørensen HT, Sværke C, Farkas DK, Christiansen CF, Pedersen L, Lash TL, Prandoni P, Baron JA. Superficial and deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and subsequent risk of cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:586–593.

Question 3

  • Paddon AJ. Incidental pulmonary embolism detected by routine CT in patients with cancer. Cancer Imaging 2005;5:25–26.
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Question 4

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