Oncogenes and Cancer: The p21 ras Genes

References

• Viral Oncology, G Klein. Raven Press, New York 1980
   Google Scholar
• Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J. RNA Tumor Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 1982
   Google Scholar
• Varmus H, Levine A J. Readings in Tumor Virology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 1983
   Google Scholar
• Bishop J M. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Ann Rev Biochem 1983; 52: 301–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advances in Viral Oncology: Cell Derived Oncogenes, G Klein. Raven Press, New York 1982; Vol 1
   Google Scholar
• Yunis J J. The chromosomal basis of human neoplasia. Science 1983; 221: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley J D. Human oncogene locations and chromosomal aberrations. Nature (London) 1983; 301: 290–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duesberg P H. Retroviral transforming genes in normal cells. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 219–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey J J. An unidentified virus which causes the rapid production of tumors in mice. Nature (London) 1964; 204: 1104–1105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsten W H, Mayer L A. Morphologic responses to a murine erythroblastosis virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1967; 39: 311–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scolnick E M, Rands E, Williams D, Parks W P. Studies on the nucleic acid sequences of Kirsten sarcoma virus: A model for formation of a mammalian RNA-containing sarcoma virus. J Virol 1973; 12: 458–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Young H A, Coffin J M, Scolnick E M. Physical map of the Kirsten sarcoma virus genome as determined by finger printing RNAse Tl-resistant oligonucleotides. J Virol 1978; 25: 238–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis R W, Lowy D R, Scolnick E M. The viral and cellular ras gene family. Advances in Viral Oncology, G Klein. Raven Press, New York 1982; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Ellis R W, DeFeo D, Maryak J M, Young H A, Shih T Y, Chang E H, Lowy D R, Scolnick E M. Dual evolutionary origin for the rat genetic sequences of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 1980; 36: 408–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis R W, DeFeo D, Shih T Y, Gonda M A, Young H A, Tsuchida N, Lowy D R, Scolnick E M. The p21 genes of Harvey and Kristen sarcoma viruses originate from divergent members of a family of normal vertebrate genes. Nature (London) 1981; 292: 506–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters R L, Rabstein L S, Van Vleck R, Kelloff G J, Huebner R J. Naturally occurring sarcoma virus of the Balb/c Cr mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974; 53: 1725–1729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen P, Tronick S R, Aaronson S A. Structural organization and biological activity of molecular clones of the integrated genome of a Balb/c mouse sarcoma virus. J Virol 1980; 40: 431–439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen P R, Devare S G, Tronick S R, Ellis R W, Aaronson S A, Scolnick E M. Generation of Balb-Mu-SV and HaMuSV by type C virus and recombination and transduction of homologous transforming genes from different species. Cell 1981; 26: 129–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed S, Gardner M B, Huebner R J. in vitro isolation of stable rat sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 2972–2976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young H A, Shih T Y, Scolnick E M, Rasheed S, Gardner M B. Different rat-derived transforming retroviruses code for an immunologically related intracellular phosphoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 3523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed S, Norman G L, Heidecker G. Nucleotide sequence of the Rasheed rat sarcoma virus oncogene: New mutations. Science 1983; 221: 155–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonda M A, Young H A, Elser J E, Rasheed S, Talmadge C B, Nagashima K, Li C C, Gilden R V. Molecular cloning, genomic analysis, and biological properties of rat leukemia virus and the onc sequences of the Rasheed rat sarcoma virus. J Virol 1982; 44: 520–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt P K. Genetics of RNA tumor viruses. Comprehensive Virology, H Fraenkel-Conrat, R R Wagner. Plenum Press, New York 1977; Vol 9: 341–455
   Google Scholar
• Hanafusa H. Cell transformation by RNA tumor viruses. Comprehensive Virology, H Fraenkel-Conrat, R R Wagner. Plenum Press, New York 1977; Vol 10: 401–483
   Google Scholar
• Scolnick E M, Stephenson J R, Aaronson S A. Isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants of murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 1972; 10: 653–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugge J S, Erikson R L. Identification of a transformation specific antigen induced by avian sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 1977; 269: 346–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Weeks M O, Young H A, Scolnick E M. Identification of a sarcoma virus-encoded phosphoprotein in nonproducer cells transformed by Harvey or Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Virology 1979; 96: 64–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lautenberger J A, Ulsh L, Shih T Y, Papas T S. High level expression in Escherichia coli of enzymatically active Harvey murine virus p21ras protein. Science 1983; 221: 858–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks W P, Scolnick E M. In vitro translation of Harvey murine sarcoma virus RNA. J Virol 1977; 22: 711–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furth M E, Davis L J, Fleurdelys B, Scolnick E M. Monoclonal antibodies to the p21 products of the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and of a cellular ras gene family. J Virol 1982; 43: 294–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Weeks M O, Young H A, Scolnick E M. p21 of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus is thermolabile in a viral mutant temperature sensitive for the maintenance of transformation. J Virol 1979; 31: 546–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham M, Pastan I, Shih T Y, Scolnick E M. Localization of the src gene product of the Harvey strain of murine sarcoma virus to the plasma membrane of transformed cells by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Cell 1980; 19: 1005–1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Weeks M O, Gruss P, Dhar R, Oroszlan S, Scolnick E M. Identification of a precursor in the biosynthesis of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. J Virol 1982; 42: 253–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks M O, Hager G L, Scolnick E M, Characterization of the p22 gene product from a transformation defective mutant of the HaMSVtk virus, unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Scolnick E M, Papageorge A G, Shih T Y. Guanine nucleotide-binding activity as an assay for the src protein of rat-derived murine sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 5355–5359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Papageorge A G, Stokes P E, Weeks M O, Scolnick E M. Guanine nucleotide-binding and autophosphorylation activities associated with p21src protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 1980; 287: 686–691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T Y, Stokes P E, Smythers G W, Dhar R, Oroszlan S. Characterization of the phosphorylation sites and the surrounding amino acid. sequences of the p21 transforming proteins coded for by the Harvey and Kirsten strains of sarcoma viruses. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 11767–11773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capon D J, Chen E Y, Levinson A D, Seeburg P H, Goeddel D V. Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma gene and its normal homologue. Nature (London) 1983; 302: 33–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano O, Taparowsky E, Fiddes J, Wigler M, Goldfarb M. Sequence and structure of the coding region of the human H-ras-1 gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells. J Mol Appl Genet 1983; 2: 173–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhar R, Ellis R W, Shih T Y, Oroszlan S, Shapiro B, Maizel J, Lowy D, Scolnick E M. Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Science 1982; 217: 934–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu K, Birnbaum D, Ruley M A, Fasano O, Suard Y, Eglund L, Taparowsky E, Goldfarb M, Wigler M. Structure of the Ki-ras gene of the human lung carcinoma cell line Calu-1. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 497–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath J P, Capon D J, Smith D H, Chen E Y, Seeburg P H, Goeddel D V, Levinson A D. Structure and organization of the human Ki-ras proto-oncogene and a related processed pseudogene. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 501–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capon D J, Seeburg P H, McGrath J P, Hayflick J S, Edman U, Levinson A D, Goeddel D V. Activation of Ki-ras 2 gene in human colon and lung carcinomas by two different point mutations. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 507–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchida N, Ryder T, Ohtsubo E. Nucleotide sequence of the oncogene encoding the p21 transforming protein of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Science 1982; 217: 937–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taparowsky E, Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Wigler M. Structure and activation for the human N-ras gene. Cell 1983; 34: 581–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noda M, Selinger Z, Scolnick E M, Bassin R H. Flat revertants isolated from Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed cells are resistant to the action of specific oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 5602–5606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterfield M D, Scrace G T, Whittle N, Stroobant P, Johnsson A, Wasteson A, Westermark B, Heldin C H, Huang J S, Deuel T F. Platelet-derived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 35–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doolittle R F, Hunkapiller M W, Hood L, Devare S G, Robbins K C, Aaronson S A, Antoniades H N. Simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, is derived from the gene (or genes) encoding a platelet-derived growth factor. Science 1983; 221: 275–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniades H N, Scher C D, Stiles C D. Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 1809–1813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temin H M. The protovirus hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971; 46: 3–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeFeo D, Gonda M A, Young H A, Chang E H, Lowy D R, Scolnick E M, Ellis R W. Analysis of two divergent rat genomic clones homologous to the transforming gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 3328–3332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang E H, Gonda M A, Ellis R W, Scolnick E M, Lowy D R. Human genome contains four genes homologous to transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 4848–4852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal N, Shih T Y, Ellis R W, Grass P. SV40 mediated expression of two cellular ras transforming genes, unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Ruta M, personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Suard Y, Perucho M, Li Y, Kamata T, Feramisco J, Stavnezer E, Fogh J, Wigler M. Three human transforming genes are related to the viral ras genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 2112–2116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A, Marshall C, Spurr N, Weiss R. Identification of transforming genes in two human cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1. Nature (London) 1983; 303: 396–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinville B, Giacalone J, Shih C, Weinberg R A, Francke U. Oncogene from human EJ bladder carcinoma is located on the short arm of chromosome 11. Science 1983; 219: 498–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride O W, Swan D C, Santos E, Barbacid M, Tronick S R, Aaronson S A. Localization of the normal allele of T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene to chromosome 11. Nature (London) 1982; 300: 773–774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien S J, Nash W G, Goodwin J L, Lowy D R, Chang E H. Dispersion of the ras family of transforming genes to four different chromosomes in man. Nature (London) 1983; 302: 839–841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langebeheim H, Shih T Y, Scolnick E M. Identification of a normal vertebrate cell protein related to the p21src of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Virology 1980; 106: 292–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham F L, van der Eb A J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 1973; 52: 456–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih C, Shilo B Z, Goldfarb M P, Dannenberg A, Weinberg R A. Passage of phenotypes of chemically transformed cells via transfection of DNA and chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 5714–5718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper G M, Okenquist S, Silverman L. Transforming activity of DNA of chemically transformed and normal cells. Nature (London) 1980; 284: 418–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krontiris T G, Cooper G M. Transforming activity of human tumor DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 1181–1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray M J, Shilo B Z, Shih C, Cowing D, Hsu H W, Weinberg R A. Three different human tumor cell lines contain different oncogenes. Cell 1981; 25: 355–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucho M, Goldfarb M, Shimizu K, Lama C, Fogh J, Wigler M. Human-tumor-derived cell lines contain common and different transforming genes. Cell 1981; 27: 467–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb M, Shimizu K, Perucho M, Wigler M. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human transforming gene from T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Nature (London) 1982; 296: 404–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver A V, Long L K, Robbins K E, Barbacid M. Oncogene in human tumor cell lines: Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 2845–2849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Der C J, Krontiris T G, Cooper G M. Transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinoma cell lines are homologous to the ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 3637–3640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parada L F, Tabin C I, Shih C, Weinberg R A. Human EI bladder carcinoma oncogene is a homologue of the Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene. Nature (London) 1982; 297: 474–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos E, Tronick S R, Aaronson S A, Pulciani S, Barbacid M. T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is a activated form of the normal human homologue of Balb-and Harvey-MSV transforming genes. Nature (London) 1982; 298: 343–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy E P. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene. Science 1983; 220: 1061–1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabin C I, Bradley S M, Bargmann C I, Weinberg R A, Papageorge A G, Scolnick E M, Dhar R, Lowy D R, Chang E H. Mechanism of action of a human oncogene. Nature (London) 1982; 300: 143–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy E P, Reynold R K, Santos E, Barbacid M. A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogen. Nature (London) 1982; 300: 149–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taparowsky E, Suard Y, Fasano O, Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Wigler M. Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change. Nature (London) 1982; 300: 762–765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos E, Reddy E P, Pulciani S, Feldmann R I, Barbacid M. Spontaneous activation of a human proto-oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 4679–4683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuasa Y, Scrivastava S K, Dunn C Y, Rhim I S, Reddy E P, Aaronson S A. Acquisition of transforming properties by alternative point mutations within c-bas/has human proto-oncogene. Nature (London) 1983; 303: 775–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierenga R K, Hol W GI. Predicted nucleotide-binding properties of the p21 protein and its associated cancer variant. Nature (London) 1983; 302: 842–844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus M R, Renswoude I V, Harford I B, Chang E H, Carry R P, Klausner R D. Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of the transforming region of the EJ/T24 human bladder oncogene product and its normal cellular homologue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 5253–5257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair D G, Oskarsson M, Wood T G, McClements W L, Fischinger P J, Vande Woude G G. Activation of the transforming potential of a normal cell sequence: a molecular model for oncogenesis. Science 1981; 212: 941–943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang E H, Furth M E, Scolnick E M, Lowy D R. Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Nature (London) 1982; 297: 479–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab M, Alitalo K, Varmus H E, Bishop J M, George D. A cellular oncogene (c-Ki-ras) is amplified, overexpressed and located within karyotypic abnormalities in mouse adrenocortical cells. Nature (London) 1983; 303: 497–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land H, Parada L F, Weinberg R A. Oncogenes. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 596–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruley H E. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells. Nature (London) 1983; 304: 602–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray M J, Cunningham J M, Parada L F, Dautry F, Lebowitz P, Weinberg R A. The HL-60 transforming sequence: A ras oncogene coexisting with altered myc genes in hemopoietic tumors. Cell 1983; 33: 749–757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop J M. Oncogenes. Sci Am 1982; 246: 81–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane M A, Sainten A, Cooper G M. Stage-specific transforming genes of human and mouse B-and T-lymphocyte neoplasms. Cell 1982; 28: 873–880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner R J, Todaro G J. Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1969; 64: 1087–1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar