39
Views
61
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Controversies in the Management of Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

, &
Pages 167-184 | Published online: 11 Jun 2009

References

  • Bodey G P, Buckley M, Sathe Y S, et al. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1966; 64: 328–340
  • Levine A S, Schimpff S C, Craw R C, et al. Hematologic malignancies and other marrow failure states: progress in the management of complicating infections. SemHematol 1974; 11: 141–202
  • McGowan J E. Changing etiology of nosocomial bacteremia and fungemia and other hospital-acquired infections. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7(Suppl 3)S357–370
  • McGowan J E, Barnes M W, Finland M. Bacteremia at Boston City Hospital: occurrence and mortality during 12 selected years (1965–1972) with special reference to hospital-acquired cases. J Infect Dis 1975; 132: 316–335
  • Bryant R E, Hood A P, Hood C E, et al. Factors affecting mortality of gram negative bacteremia. Arch Int Med 1971; 127: 120–128
  • Freid M A, Vosti K L. Importance of underlying disease in patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Arch Int Med 1968; 121: 418–423
  • Schimpff S C, Greene W H, Young V M, et al. Significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the patient with leukemia or lymphoma. J Infect Dis 1974; 130(Suppl)524–531
  • Umsawasdi T, Middleman E A, Luna M, et al. Klebsiella bacteremia in cancer patients. Am I Med Sci 1973; 265: 473–482
  • Whitecar J P, Luna M, Bodey G P. Pseudomonas bacteremia in patients with malignant disease. Am J Med Sci 1970; 260: 216–223
  • Schimpff S C, Satterlee W, Young V M, et al. Empiric therapy with carbenicillin and gentarrdcin for febrile patients with cancer and granulocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 1061–1065
  • Pizzo P A, Ladisch S, Simon R M, et al. Increasing incidence of gram-positive sepsis in cancer patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 1978; 5: 241–244
  • Ladisch S, Pizzo P A. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in children with cancer. Pediatrics 1978; 61: 231–234
  • Kilton L J, Fosieck B E, Jr, Cohen M H, et al. Bacteremia due to gram-positive cocci in patients with neoplastic disease. Am J Med 1979; 66: 596–602
  • Sotman S B, Schimpff S C, Young V M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with acute leukemia. Am J Med 1980; 69: 814–818
  • Wade J C, Schimpff S C, Newman K A, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis: an increasing cause of infection in patients with granulocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 503–508
  • Miser J S, Miser A W. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in chilhood malignancy. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134: 831–833
  • Carney N, Fosieck B E, Jr, Parker R H, et al. Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cancer: report on 45 cases in adults and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 1–12
  • Grossi M, Green D M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncology 1983; 40: 321–325
  • Winston D J, Dudnick D V, Chapin M, et al. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Arch Int Med 1983; 143: 32–36
  • Friedman L E, Brown A E, Miller D R, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis septicemia in children with leukemia and lymphoma. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138: 710–719
  • Pizzo P A, Ladisch S, Witebsky F G. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci: clinical significance in the cancer patient. Med Pediatr Oncol 1978; 4: 267–270
  • Sculier J P, Klastersky J. Significance of scrum bactericidal activity in gram negative bacillary bacteremia in patients with and without granulocytopenia. Am J Med 1984; 76: 429–435
  • Jawetz E. The use of combinations of antimicrobial drugs. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1968; 8: 151–170
  • Klastersky J, Cappel R, Daneau D. Clinical significance of in vitro synergism between antibiotics in gram-negative infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972; 2: 470–475
  • Klastersky J, Zinner S H. Synergistic combination of antibiotics in gram-negative bacillary infections. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 294–301
  • Kluge R M, Standiford H C, Tatem B A, et al. Comparative activity of tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin alone and with carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974; 6: 442–446
  • Kluge R M, Standiford H C, Tatem B, et al. The carbenicillingentamicin combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Correlation of effect with gentamicin sensitivity. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81: 584–587
  • Love L J, Schimpff S C, Schiffer C A, et al. Improved prognosis for granulocytopenic patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Am J Med 1980; 68: 1–10
  • Reyes M P, El-Khatib M R, Brown W J, et al. Synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from patients with endocarditis and sensitivity of isolates to normal human serum. J Infect Dis 1979; 140: 192–202
  • Rodriguez V, Whitecar J P, Bodey C P. Therapy of infections with the combination of carbenicillin and gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1969; 9: 386–390
  • Dejace P, Klastersky J. Competitive review of combinaton therapy: two beta-lactam versus beta-lactam plus aminoglycoside. Am J Med 1986; 80(63)29–38
  • Bodey G P, Middleman E, Umsawasdi T, et al. Infections in cancer patients: Results with gentamicin sulfate therapy. Cancer 1972; 29: 1697–1702
  • Feld R, Valdivieso M, Bodey G P, et al. Comparison of amikacin and tobramycin in the treatment of infection in patients with cancer. J Infect Dis 1977; 135: 61–66
  • Valdivieso M, Feld R, Rodriguez V, et al. Amikacin therapy of infection in neutropenic patients. Am J Med Sci 1975; 270: 453–463
  • Valdivieso M, Horikoshi N, Rodriguez V, et al. Therapeutic trials with tobramycin. Am J Med Sci 1974; 168: 149–156
  • Issell B F, Bodey G P. Mezlocillin for treatment of infections in cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17: 1008–1013
  • Wade J C, Schimpff S C, Newman K A, et al. Potential of mezlocillin as empiric single agent therapy in febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 18: 299–306
  • Jadeja L, Bolivar R, Fainstein V, et al. Piperacillin plus vancomycin in the therapy of febrile episodes in cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26: 295–299
  • Bodey G P, Whitecar J P, Middleman E, et al. Carbenicillin therapy for pseudomonas infections. J Am Med Assoc 1971; 290: 62–66
  • Klastersky J, Cappel R, Daneau D. Therapy with carbenicillin and gentamicin for patients with cancer and severe infections caused by gram-negative rods. Cancer 1973; 31: 331–336
  • Rodriguez V, Bodey G P, Horikoshi N, et al. Ticarcillin therapy of infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4: 427–431
  • Barriere S L, Flaherty J F. Third-generation cephalosporins: a critical evaluation. Clin Pharm 1984; 3: 351–373
  • Neu H C. the new beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporins. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 406–419
  • Alanis A, Rehm S, Weinstein A J. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of moxalactam and the combination of nafcillin and tobramycin in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Cleveland Clin Q 1983; 50: 385–395
  • Bolivar R, Fainstein V, Elting L, et al. Cefoperazone for the treatment of infection in patients with cancer. Infect Dis 1983; 5(Suppl)S181–S187
  • Darbyshire P J, Williamson D J, Pedler S J, et al. Ceftazidime in the treatment of febrile immunosuppressed children. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)357–360
  • De Pauw B E, Kauw F, Muytjens H, et al. Randomized study of ceftazidime versus gentamicin plus cefotaxime for infections in severely granuloctyopenic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)93–99
  • Fainstein V, Bodey G P, Elting L, et al. A randomized study of ceftazidime compared to ceftazidime and tobramycin for the treatment of infections in cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)S101–S110
  • Friis H, Hoffman S, Hansen M M, et al. Cefotaxime versus ampicillin, methicillin, and netilmicin in combination for treatment of febrile episodes in patients with haematologic malignancy. Acta Med Scand 1983; 213: 349–354
  • Hathom J W, Pizzo P A. Is there a role for monotherapy with β-lactam antibiotics in the initial empirical management of febrile neutropenic cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 17(Suppl A)41–54
  • Kramer B J, Ramphal R, Rand K. Randomized comparison between two ceftazidime-containing regimens and cephalothin-gentamicin-caibenicillin in febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30: 64–68
  • Lawson R D, Baskin R C. Ceftizoxime treatment of infection in neutropenic patients with malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1982; 10(Suppl C)159–165
  • Morgan G, Duerden B I, Lilleyman J S. Ceftazidime as a single agent in the management of children with fever and neutropenia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)347–351
  • Piccart M, Klastersky I, Meunier F, et al. Single-drug versus combination empirical therapy for gram-negative bacillary infections in febrile cancer patients with and without granulocytopenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26: 870–875
  • Ramphal R, Kramer B S, Rand K H, et al. Early results of a comparative trial of ceftazidime versus cephalothin, carbenicillin, and gentamicin in the treatment of febrile granulocytopenic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)81–88
  • Reilly J T, Breda M, Bellingham A J, et al. Ceftazidime compared to tobramycin and ticarcillin in immunocompromised haemato-logical patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12(Suppl A)89–92
  • Pizzo P A, Hathom J W, Hiemenz J, et al. A randomized trial comparing ceftazidime alone with combination antibiotic therapy in cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. N Engl S Med 1986; 315: 552–558
  • Kropp H, Gerckens L, Sundelof J G, et al. Antibacterial activity of imipenem: the first thienamycin antibiotic. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7(Suppl 3)S389–S410
  • Wade J C, Standiford H C, Drusano G L, et al. Potential of imipenem as single-agent empiric antibiotic therapy of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Am J Med 1985; 78(Suppl 5A)62–72
  • Bodey G P, Alvarez M E, Jones P G, et al. Imipenem-cilastatin as initial therapy for febrile cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30(2)211–214
  • Whiteside M, Moore J, Ratza R L. An investigation of Enterococcal bacteremia. Am J Infect Control 1983; 11: 125–129
  • Malone D A, Wagner R A, Myers J P, et al. Enterococcal bacteremia in two large community teaching hospitals. Am J Med 1986; 81: 601–606
  • Young V M, Meyers W J, Moody M R, et al. The emergence of coryneform bacteria as a cause of nosocomial infections in compromised hosts. Am J Med 1981; 70: 646–650
  • Hande K R, Witebsky F G, Brown M S, et al. Sepsis with a new species of corynebacterium. Ann Intern Med 1976; 85: 423–426
  • Gill V J, Manning C, Lamson M, et al. Antibiotic-resistant group JK bacteria in hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 472–477
  • Cotton D J, Gill V J, Marshall D J, et al. Bacillus bacteremia in an immunosuppressed patient population: clinical features and therapeutic intervention in seventeen cases. J Clin Microbiol, in press
  • Thaler M, Gill V, Pizzo P A. Emergence of Clostridium tertium as a pathogen in neutropenic patients. Am J Med 1986; 81: 596–600
  • Karp J E, Dick J D, Angdopulos C, et al. Empiric use of vancomycin during prolonged treatment-induced granulocytopenia Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with acute leukemia. Am J Med 1986; 81: 237–242
  • Rubin M, Hathorn J W, Marshall D, et al. Gram-positive infections and the use of vancomycin in 550 episodes of fever and neutropenia. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 30–35
  • Pizzo P A, Robichaud K J, Wesley R, et al. Fever in the pediatric and young adult patient with cancer A prospective study of 1001 episodes. Medicine 1986; 61: 153–165
  • Peltola H, Saarinen U M, Siimes M A. C-reactive protein in rapid diagnosis and follow-up of bacterial septicemia in children with leukemia. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983; 2: 370–373
  • Gronn M, Slordahl S H, Skrede S, et al. C-reactive protein as an indicator of infection in the immunosuppressed child. Eur J Pediatr 1986; 145: 18–21
  • Pizzo P A, Ladisch S L, Robichaud K J. Treatment of gram-positive septicemia in cancer patients. Cancer 1980; 45: 206–207
  • Pizzo P A. After empiric therapy: what to do until the granulocyte comes back. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: 214–219
  • Pizzo P A, Robichaud K J, Gill F A, et al. Duration of empiric antibiotic therapy in granulocytopenic cancer patients. Am J Med 1979; 67: 194
  • Joshi J H, Schimpff S C, Tenney J H, et al. Can antibiotic therapy be discontinued in persistently febrile granulocytopenic cancer patients. Am J Med 1984; 76: 450–457
  • Schimpff S C, Young V M, Greene W H, et al. Origin of infection in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77: 707–714
  • Yates J W, Holland J F. A controlled study of isolation and endogenous microbial suppression in acute myelocytic leukemia patients. Cancer 1973; 32: 1490
  • Levine A S, Siegel S E, Schreiber A D, et al. Protected environment and prophylactic antibiotics: A prospective controlled study of their utility in the therapy of acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 477
  • Levi J A, Vincent P C, Jennis F, et al. Prophylactic oral antibiotics in the management of acute leukemia. Med J Aust 1973; 1: 1025
  • Schimpff S C, Greene W H, Young V M, et al. Infection prevention in acute nonlymphastic leukemia: laminar air flow room reverse isolation with nonabsorbable oral antibiotic prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82: 351
  • Rodriguez V, Bodey G P, Freireich E J, et al. Randomized trial of protected environment: prophylactic antibiotics in 145 adults with acute leukemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978; 57: 253
  • Stoning R A, Jameson B, McElwain T J, et al. Oral non-absorbed antibiotic prevent infection in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 1977; 2: 837
  • Wade J C, Schimpff S C, Hergadon M T, et al. A comparison of trimethoprim sulfomethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1057
  • Gurwith M J, Brunton J L, Lank B A, et al. A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 1979; 66: 248
  • Dekker A, Rozeberg-Arska M, Sixma J J, et al. Prevention of infection by trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole plus amphotericin B in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 555
  • Weiser B, Lange M, Fialk M A, et al. Prophylactic trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole during consolidation chemotherapy for acute leukemia: a controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 436
  • Zinner S, Gaya H, Glauser M, et al. Cotrimoxazole and reduction of risk of infection in neutropenic patients: A progress report. Twenty-first Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981; 795
  • Wilson J M, Guiney D G. Failure of oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in acute leukemia: isolation of resistance plasmids from strains of Enterobactereiaceae causing bacteremia. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 16
  • Wade J C, De Jongh C A, Newman K A, et al. Selective antimicrobial modulation as prophylaxis against infection during granulocytopenia: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs nalidixic acid. J Infect dis 1983; 147: 624–634
  • Pizzo P A, Robichaud K J, Edwards B K, et al. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cancer: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 1985; 102: 125–133
  • Tulloch A L. Pancytopenia in an infant associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy. J Pediatr 1976; 88: 499
  • Golde D W, Bersch N, Quan S C. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole inhibition of haematopbesis in vitro. Br J Haematol 1978; 40: 343
  • Deeg H J, Meyers J D, Storb R, et al. Effect of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole on hematological recovery after total body irradiation and autologous marrow infusion in dogs. Transplantation 1979; 28: 243
  • Rozenberg-Arska M, Dekker A W, Verhoef J. Ciprofloxacin for selective decontamination of the alimentary tract in patients with acute leukemia during remission induction treatment: the effect on fecal flora. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 104–107
  • Dekker A W, Rozenberg-Arska M, Verhoef J. Infection prophylaxis in acute leukemia; a comparison of ciprofloxacin with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and colistin. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 7–11
  • Karp J E, Merz W G, Hendricksen C, et al. Infection management during antileukemia treatment-induced granulocytopenia: the role for oral norfloxacin prophylaxis against infections arising from the grastrointestinal tract. Scand J Infect Dis 1986; 48(Suppl)66–78
  • Karp J E, Merz W G, Hendricksen C, et al. Oral norfloxacin for prevention of gram negative bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 1–7
  • Kramer B S, Pizzo P A, Robichaud K J, et al. Role of serial microbiologic surveillance and clinical evaluation in the management of cancer patients with fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 1982; 72: 561–568
  • Pizzo P A, Robichaud K J, Gill F A, et al. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Ann J Med 1982; 72: 101–111
  • Burke P J, Braine H G, Rathun H K, et al. The clinical significance and management of fever in acute myelocytic leukemia. Johns Hopkins Med J 1976; 139: 1–12
  • Pennington J E. Aspergillus pneumonia in hematologic malignancy. Arch Int Med 1977; 137: 769–771
  • Aisner J, Schimpff J C, Wiernik P H. Treatment of invasive aspergillus: Relation of early diagnosis and treatment to response. Ann Intern Med 1977; 86: 539–543
  • Stein R S, Kayser J, Flexner J. Clinical value of empirical amphotericin B in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1982; 50: 2247–2251
  • Hermans P E, Keys T F. Antifungal agents used for deep-seated mycotic infections. Mayo Clin Proc 1983; 58: 223–231
  • Hathorn J W, Rubin M, Gress J, et al. Empirical antifungal therapy among febrile neutropenic cancer patients, amphotericin B versus ketoconazole (submitted)
  • Fainstein V, Bodey G P, Elting L, et al. Amphotericin B or ketoconazole therapy of fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Antirrdcrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 11–15
  • Singer C, Armstrong D, Rosen P P, et al. Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. Prospective study of 80 cases. Am J Med 1979; 66: 110–120
  • Jaffe J P, Makj D G. Lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients. One institution's experience and an approach to management of pulmonary disease in the compromised host. Cancer 1981; 48: 1144–1153
  • Greenman R L, Goodall P T, King D. Lung biopsy in immunocompromised hosts. Am J Med 1975; 59: 488–496
  • Pennington J E, Feldman N T. Pulmonary infiltrates and fever in patients with hematologic malignancy. Assessment of transbronchial biopsy. Am J Med 1977; 62: 581–587
  • Cunningham J H, Zavala D C, Corry R J, et al. Trephine air drill, bronchial brush, and fiberoptic transbronchial lung biopsies in immunosuppressed patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 213–220
  • Stover D E, Zaman M B, Hajdu S I, et al. Broncholaveolar lavage in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed host. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 1–7
  • Springmeyer S C, Hackman R C, Holle R, et al. Use of bronchoalvelor lavage to diagnose acute diffuse pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. J Infect Dis 1986; 154: 604–610
  • Commers J R, Robichaud K J, Pizzo P A. New Pulmonary infiltrates in granulocytopenic patients being treated with antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis 1984; 3: 423–428
  • Potter D, Pass H I, Brower S, et al. Prospective randomized study of open lung biopsy versus empiric antibiotic therapy for acute pneumonitis in nonneutropenic patients. Ann Thoracic Surg 1985; 20: 427–428
  • Hiemenz J, Skelton J, Pizzo P A. Perspective on the management of catheter-related infections in cancer patients. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986; 5: 6–11
  • Press O W, Ramsey P G, Larson E B, et al. Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies. Medicine 1984; 63: 189–200
  • Lowder J N, Lazarus H M, Herzig R H. Bacteremias and fungemias in oncologic patients with central venous catheters. Changing spectrum of infection. Arch Int Med 1982; 142: 1456–1459
  • Abrahm J L, Mullen J L. A prospective study of prolonged central venous access in leukemia. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 248: 2868–2873
  • Shapiro E D, Wald E R, Nelson K A, et al. Broviac catheter-related bacteremia in oncology patients. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136: 679–681
  • Alavi J B, Rost R K, Djerassi I, et al. Leukocyte transfusions in acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 706–711
  • Volger W R, Winton E F. The efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients. Am J Med 1977; 63: 548–555
  • Herzig R, Herzig G, Graw R G, et al. Efficacy of granulocyte transfusion therapy for gram negative sepsis: a prospective randomized controlled study. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 701–705
  • Winston D S, Ho W G, Gele R P. Therapeutic granulocyte transfusions for documented infections. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 509–515
  • Schiffer C A, Aisner J, Daly P A, et al. Alloimmunization following prophylactic granulocyte transfusions. Blood 1979; 54: 766–774
  • Hersman J, Meyers J D, Thomas E, et al. The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 149–152
  • Roth J A, Siegd S E, Levine A S, Berard C W. Fatal recurrent toxoplasmosis in the patient initially infected via a leukocyte transfusion. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 56: 601–605
  • Wright D G, Robichaud K J, Pizzo P A, et al. Lethal pulmonary reactions associated with the combined use of amphotericin B and leukocyte transfusions. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1185–118
  • Ziegler E, Mc J., Cutchan J A, Fierer J A, et al. Treatment of gram negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1225–1230
  • Chan H SL, Saunders E F, Freedman M H. Modulation of human. hematopoiesis by prostaglandin and lithium. J Lab Clin Med 1980; 95: 125–132
  • Shopsin B, Friedman R, Gershon S. Lithium and leukocytosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971; 12: 923–928
  • Stein R S, Vogler W R, Lefante J. Failure of lithium to limit neutropenia during induction therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia. Proc Am Assoc Res/Am Soc Clin Oncol 1981; 22: 423

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.