The Immunotherapy of Human Cancer with Interleukin 2: Present Status and Future Directions

References

• Mier J. W., Gallo R. C. Purification and some characteristics and same characteristics of T cell growth factor from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyteanditioned media. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1980; 77: 6134–6138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmam T. A., Goldman C. K., Robb R. J., et al. Expression of interleukin 2 receptors on activated human B-cells. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 1450–1466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemnann R., Cannistra S. A., Levine H., et al. Expression of interleukin 2 receptors and binding of interleukin 2 by gamma interferon-induced human leukemic and normal monocytic cells. J Exp Med 1985; 162: 1111–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillis S., Smith K. A. Long term culture of tumour-specific cytotoxic T cells. Nature 1977; 268: 154–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henney C. S., Kuribayashi K., Kern D. E., et al. Interleukin 2 augments natural killer cell activity. Nature 1981; 291: 335–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm E. A., Maplmder A., Zhang H. Z., et al. Lymphokhe-activated killer cell phenomenon: lysis of natural killer-resistant fresh solid tumor cells by interleukin 2 activated autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1982; 155: 1823–1841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshigtawara K., Wank H. M., Kato K., et al. IL-2 high affinity receptor expression requires two distinct binding proteins. J Exp Med 1987; 165: 223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welte K., Andreef M., Platzer E., et al. Interleukin 2 regulates the expression of Tac antigen on peripheral blood T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 1390–1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loac M. T., Matory Y. UL, Ettinghausen S. E., et al. In vivo administration of purified human interleukin 2. II. Half life, immunologic effects, and expansion of peripheral blood lymphoid cells in vivo with recombinant IL-2. J Immunol 1985; 135: 2865–2875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondel P. M., Kohler P. E., Hand J. A., et al. Clinical and immunologic effects of recombinant interleukin-2 given by repetitive weekly cycles to patients with cancer. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2561–2567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolitz J. E., Welte K., Wong G. Y., et al. Expansion of activated T lymphocytes in patients treated with recombinant interleukin-2. J Biol Resp Modif 1987; 6: 412–429
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips J. H., Talreshita T., Sugamura K., et al. Activation of natural killer cells via the p75 interleukin 2 receptor. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 291–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagita H., Hakata M., Azuma A., et al. Activation of peripheral blood T cells via the p75 interleukin 2 receptor. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1445–1450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robb R. J., Greene W. C. Internalization of intaleukin 2 is mediated by the beta chain of the high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor. J Exp Med 1987; 165: 1201–1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mule J. J., Shu S., Schwarz S. L., et al. Successful adoptive immunotherapy of establisbed pulmonary metastam with LAK cells and recombinant IL-2. Science (Washington, DC) 1984; 225: 1487–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa M. L., Mule J. J., Rosenberg S. A. Antitumor efficacy of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 in vivo: successful immderapy of established pulmonary mtaotases from weakly immuogenic and mn-immuaogenic murine tumors of three distinct histological types. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 4973–4978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbexg S. A., Lotze M. T., Muul L. M., et al. A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or highdose interleukin-2 alone. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 889–897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West W. H., Tauer K. W., Yannelli J. R., et al. Constant-infusion mombinant interleukin-2 in adoptive immunotherapy of advanced cancer. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 898–905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortaldo J. R., Mason A., Overton R. Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells: analysis of progenitors and effectors. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 1193–1205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips J. H., Lanier L. L. Dissection of the lymphokine-activated killer phenomenon. Relative contribution of peripheral blood natural killer cells and T lymphocytes to cytolysis. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 814–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier L. L., Le A. M., Civin C. I., et al. The relationship of CD 16 (Leu-11) and Leu-19 (NKH-1) antigen expression on human peripheral blood NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1986; 136: 4480–4486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips J. H., Gemlo B. T., Myers W. W., et al. In vivo and in vim activation of natural killer cells in advanced cancer patients undergoing combined recombinant interleukin-2 and LAK cell therapy. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 1933–1941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMannis J. D., Fisher R. I., Creekmore S. P., et al. In vivo effects of recombinant IL-2. I. Isolation of circulating Leu -19 + lymphokine-activated killer effector cells from cancer patients receiving recombinant IL-2. J Immunol 1988; 140: 1335–1340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson J. A., Lee D. J., Lindgren C. G., et al. Influence of schedule of interleukin 2 administration of therapy with interleukin 2 and lymphokine activated killer cells. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 235–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil-Hillman G., Fisch P., Prieve A. F., et al. Lymphokine-activated killer activity induced by in vivo interleukin 2 therapy: predominant role for lymphocytes with increased expression of CD2 and Leu 19 antigens but negative expression of CD16 antigens. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 3680–3688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinghausen S. E., Lipford E. H., III, Mule J. J., et al. Recombinant interleukin 2 stimulates in vivo proliferation of adoptively transferred lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. J Immunol 1985; 135: 3623–3635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinghausen S. E., Lipford E. H., III, Mule J. J., et al. Systemic administration of recombinant interleukin 2 stimulates in vivo lymphoid cell proliferation in tissues. J Immunol 1985; 135: 1488–1497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenburg S. A., Mule J. J., Spiess P. J., et al. Regression of established pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous tumor mediated by the systemic administration of highdose recombinant interleukin 2. J EXP Med 1985; 161: 1169–1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mule J. J., Yang J. C., Lafreniere R., et al. Identification of cellular mechanisms operational in vivo during the regression of established pulmonary metastases by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2. J Immunol 1987; 139: 285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen P. J., Loke M. T., Roberts J. R., et al. The immunopathology of sequential tumor biopsies in patients treated with interleukin-2. Correlation of response with T-cell infiltration and HLA-Dr expression
   Google Scholar
• Itoh K., Platsoucas C. D., Balch C. M. Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the infiltrate of human metastatic melanomas. Activation by interleukin 2 and autologous tumor cells and involvement of the T cell receptor. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 1419–1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedwin G. E., Svedersky L. P., Bringman T. S., et al. Effects of interleukin 2, interferon-gamma, and mitogens on the production of tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta. J Immunol 1985; 135: 2492–2497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B. P., Hank J. A., Kraus E. E., et al. Selective lysis of target cells by interleukin-2-expaded peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte clones. Cell Immunol 1989; 118: 458–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muul L. M., Director E. P., Hyatt C. L., et al. Large scale production of human lymphokine activated killer cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol Methods 1986; 88: 265–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muul L. M., Nason-Burchenal K., Carter C. S., et al. Development of an automated closed system for generation of human lymphokineactivated killer (LAK) cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol Methods 1987; 101: 171–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yannelli J. R., Thurman G. B., Mrowca-Bastin A., et al. Enhancement of human lymphokine-activated killer cell cytolysis and a method of increasing lymphokine-activated killer cell yields to cancer patients. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 5696–5700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz R. E., Vujanovic N. L., Hiserodt J. C. Enhanced antimetastatic activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells puified and expanded by their adherence to plastic. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 1441–1446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump W. L., III, Owen-Schaub L. B., Grimm E. A. Synergy of human recombinant interleukin 1 with interleukin 2 in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 149–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Schaub L. B., Gutterman J. U., Grimm E. A. Synergy of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 2 in the activation of human cytotoxic lymphocytes: effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 2 in the generation of human lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 788–792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J. CL, Walle A., Novogrodsky A., et al. A phase II clinical trial of adoptive immunotherapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma using mitogen-activated autologous leukocytes and continuous infusion interleukin-2. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1885–1891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckner S. K., Farrar W. L. Potentiation of lymphokine-activated killer cell differentiation and lymphocyte proliferation by stimulation of protein kinase C or inhibition of adenylate cyclase. J Immunol 1988; 140: 208–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting C-C, Hargrove M. E., Yun Y. S. Augmentation by anti-T3 antibody of the lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1988; 141: 741–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadus M. R., Thurman G. B., Mrowca-Bastin A., et al. The generation of human lymphokine-activated killer cells in various serum-free media. J Immunol Methods 1988; 109: 169–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spits H., Yssel H., Paliard X., et al. IL-4 inhibits IL-2 mediated induction of human lymphokine-activated killer cells, but not the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte cultures. J Immunol 1988; 141: 29–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bindon C., Czemiecki M., Ruell P., et al. Clearance rates and systemic effects of intravenously administered interleukin-2 (IL2) containing preparations in human subjects. Br J Cancer 1983; 47: 123–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertelsmann R., Welte K., Stemberg C., et al. Treatment of immunodeficiency with interleukin 2: initial exploration. J Biol Response Modif 1984; 3: 483–490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flomenberg N., Welte K., Mertelsmann R., et al. Immunologic effects of interleukin-2 in primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Immunol 1983; 130: 2644–2650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze M. T., Frana L. W., Sharrow S. O., et al. In vivo administration of purified human interleukin 2. Half-life and immunologic effects of the Jurkat cell line-derived interleukin 2. J Immunol 1985; 134: 157–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins M. B., Gould J. A., Allegretta M., et al. Phase I evaluation of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with advanced malignant disease. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 1380–1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A., Grimm E. A., McGmgan M., et al. Biological activity of recombinant human interleukin-2 produced in E. coli. Science 1984; 223: 1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarne G. P., Figlin R. A., Pertcheck M., et al. Systemic administration of recombinant methionyl human interleukin-2 (Ala 125) to cancer patients: clinical results. J Biol Resp Modif 1989; 8: 1624
   Google Scholar
• Konrad M. W., Hemstreet G., Hersh E. M., et al. Pharmawkinetics of recombinant interleukin 2 in humans. Cancer Res 1990; 40: 2009–2017
   Google Scholar
• Thompson J. A., Lee D. J., Welby Cox W., et al. Recombinant interleukin 2: toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and immunomodulatory effects in a phase I trial. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 4202–4207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltz J. E., Wong G. Y., Welte K., et al. Phase I trial of recombinant interleukin-2 and cyclophosphamide: augmentation of cellular immunity and T-cell mitogenic response with long-term administration of rIL-2. J Biol Resp Modif 1988; 7: 457–472
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutterman J., Fine S., Quesada J., et al. Recombinant leukocyte A interferon: pharmacokinetics. single dose tolerance, and biologic effects in cancer patients. Ann Int Med 1982; 96: 549–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creekmore S. P., Harris J. E., Ellis T. M., et al. A phase I clinical trial of recombinant interleukin-2 by periodic 24-hour intravenous infusions. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 276–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A., Savona S., Gafney E., et al. Treatment of patients with advanced cancer using multiple long-term cultured lymphokineactivated (LAK) cell infusions and recombinant human interleukin-2. J Biol Resp Modif 1989; 8: 468–478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotze M. T., Custer M. C., Sharnow S. O., et al. In vivo administration of purified human interleukin-2 to patients with cancer: development of interleukin-2 positive cells and circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptors following interleukin-2 administration. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 2188–2195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosman J. A., Kohler P. C., Hank J., et al. Repetitive weekly cycles of recombinant human interleukin-2: responses of renal carcinoma with acceptable toxicity. JNCI 1988; 8050–63
   Google Scholar
• Thompson J. A., Lee D. L., Lindgren C. G., et al. Influence of dose and duration of infusion of intcrleukin-2 on toxicity and immunomodulation. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 669–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein D., Sosman J. A., Hank J. A., et al. Repetitive weekly cycles of interleukin 2: effect of outpatient treatment with a lower dose of interleukin 2 on non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted killer activity. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6832–6839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchel M. S., Kempf R. A., Harel W., et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of low-dose cyclophosphamide and low-dose intravenous interleukin-2 in disseminated melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 409–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison M. AK, Jones S. E., McGuffey P. Phase II trial of outpatient interleukin-2 in malignant lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and selected solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 1989; 78: 75–80
   Google Scholar
• Lotze M. T., Chang M. D., Seipp C. A., et al. Highdose recombination interleukin 2 in the treatment of patients with disseminated cancer. JAMA 1986; 256: 3117–3124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paciucci F. A., Holland J. F., Glidewell O., et al. Recombinant interleukin-2 by continuous infusion and adoptive transfer of recombinant interleukin-2-activated cells in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 869–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher R. I., Coltman C. A., Jr., Doroshow J. H., et al. Metastatic renal cancer treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Ann Int Med 1988; 108: 518–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutcher J. P., Creekmore S., Weiss G. R., et al. A phase 11 study of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 477–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins W. IL-2/LAK: current status and possible future directions. PPO Update 1989; 3: 1–14
   Google Scholar
• Schoof D. D., Gramolini B. A., Davidson D. L., et al. Adoptive immunotherapy of human cancer using low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 4007–5010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss G. R., Margolin K., Aronson F. R., et al. A randomized phase II trial of continuous infusion interleukin-2 M bolus injection IL-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer cells for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 131, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher J. P., Gaynor E., Boldt D. H., et al. Phase II study of high dose intravenous continuous infusion interleukin-2 and lymphokineactivated killer cells in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 282, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Bar M. H., Sznol M., Atkins M. B., et al. Metastatic malignant melanoma treated with combined bolus and continuous infusion interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1138–1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J., II, Clark J., Steis R., et al. Interleukin-2 (L2) and lymphokiae activated killer (LAK) cell therapy: Analysis of two different regimens. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 182, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Bradley E. C., Louie A. C., Paradise C. M., et al. Antitumor response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma is dependent upon regimen intensity. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 133, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein Z. P., Vaich L., Friedman N., et al. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD). Proc Am Soc Hematol 1989; 74: 279, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Lee R. E., Lotze M. T., Skibber J. M., et al. Cardiorespiratory effects of immunotherapy with interleukin-2. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 7–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolin K. A., Rayner A. A., Hawkins M. I., et al. Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy of solid tumors: analysis of toxicity and management guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 486–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belldegrun A., Webb D. E., Austin H. A., III, et al. Effects of intaleukin-2 on renal function in patients receiving immunotherapy for advanced cancer. Ann Int Med 1987; 106: 817–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Textor S. C., Margolin K., Blayney D., et al. Renal, volume, and hormonal changes during therapeutic administration of recombinant interleukin-2 in man. J Med 1987; 83: 1055–1061
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen N. P., Skubitz K. M., Nath E., et al. Nephrotoxicity of continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant interleukin-2. Am J Med 1988; 84: 1072–1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozmy G. A., Nicolas I. D., Creekmore S., et al. Effects of interleukin-2 immunotherapy on renal function. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1170–1176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denicoff K. D., Rubinow D. R., Papa M. Z., et al. The neuropsychiatric effects of treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Ann Int Med 1987; 107: 293, 300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher B., Keenan A. M., Garra B. S., et al. Interleukin-2 induces profound reversible cholestasis: a detailed analysis in treated cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1852–1862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraker D. L., Langstein H. N., Norton J. A. Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor partially abrogates interleukin 2 toxicity. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1015–1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinghausen S. E., Puri R. K., Rosenberg S. A. Increased vascular permeability in organs mediated by the systemic administration of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in mice. JNCI 1988; 80: 177–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetto J. T., Papa M. Z., Lotze M. T., et al. Reduction of toxicity of interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells in humans by the administration of corticosteroids. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 496–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstein M., Ettinghausen S. E., Rosenberg S. A. Extravasation of intravascular fluid mediated by the systemic administration of recombinant interleukin 2. J Immunol 1986; 137: 1735–1742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damle N. K., Doyle L. V., Bender J. R., et al. Interleukin 2-activated human Iymphocytes exhibit enhanced adhesion to normal vascular endothelial cells and cause their lysis. J Immunol 1987; 138: 1779–1785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson F. R., Libby P., Brandon E. P., et al. IL-2 rapidly induces natural killer cell adhesion to endothelial cells: a potential mechanism for endothelial injury. J Immunol 1988; 141: 158–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondel P. M., Hank J. A., Kohler P. C., et al. Destruction of autologous human lymphocytes by interleukin 2-activated cytotoxic cells. J Immunol 1986; 1327: 502–511
   Google Scholar
• Cotran R. Z., Pober J. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr., et al. Endothelial activation during interleukin 2 immunotherapy. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1883–1888
   Google Scholar
• Mier J. W., Brandon E. P., Libby P., et al. Activated endothelial cells resist lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated injury. J Immunol 1989; 143: 2407–2414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun R. K., Travis W. D., Rosenberg S. A. Decreases in interleukin-2-induced vascular leakage in the lungs of mice by the administration of recombinant interleukin-1-alpha in vivo. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 969–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg L., Tauer K., Birch R., et al. Phase I study of sequential recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in patients with advanced malignancy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 183, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Markowia A., Parkinson D., Miller L., et al. Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 195, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Ettinghausen S. E., Moore J. G., White D. E., et al. Hematologic effects of immunotherapy with lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in cancer patients. Blood 1987; 69: 1654–1660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspari A. A., Lotze M. T., Rosenberg S. A., et al. Dermatologic changes associated with interleukin 2 administration. JAMA 1987; 258: 1624–1629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins M., Mier J., Parkinson D., et al. Hypothyroidism following treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1557–1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterman D., Bajorin D., Reicbman B., et al. Infectious complications of interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma (MEL). Proc Am soc clin oncol 1989; 8: 192, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Loae M. T., Custer M. C., Rosenberg S. A. Inhaperitoneal administration of interleukin-2 in patients with cancer. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 1373–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman P. B., Kolitz J. E., Hakes T. B., et al. A phase I trial of intraperitoneal recombinant interleukin 2 in patients with ovarian cancer. Invest New Drugs 1988; 67: 179
   Google Scholar
• Steis R., Bookman M., Clark J., et al. Intraperitoneal lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell and interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis: toxicity, efficacy, and laboratory results. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1987; 6: 250, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Schiogolev S. A., Goetzl El, Urba W. J., et al. Appearance of neuropeptides in ascitic fluid after peritoneal therapy with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for intraabdominal malignancy. J Clin Immunol 1989; 9: 169–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart J., Belinson J., Grant B., et al. Phase I evaluation of intraperitoneal (IP) interleukin-2 (IL2) and lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) in patients with ovarian cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1988; 7: 626, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Yasumoto K., Miyazaki K., Nagashima A., et al. Induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells by intrapleural instillations of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with malignant pleurisy due to lung cancer. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 2184–2187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huland E., Huland H. Local continuous high dose interleukin 2: a new therapeutic model for the treatment of advanced bladder carcinoma. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5469–5474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizza G., Severini G., Menniti D., et al. Tumour regression after intralesional injection of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in bladder cancer: preliminary report. Int J Cancer 1984; 34: 359–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs S. K., Wilson D. J., Kornblith P. L., et al. Interleukin-2 or autologous lyrnphokine-activated killer cell treatment of malignantglioma: phase I trial. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 2101–2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs S. K., Kornblith P. L., Kantrowitz A. B., et al. Treatment of cancer with lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 (letter to the editor). N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barba D., Oldfield E. H., Saris S. C., et al. Phase II immunotherapy of cystic primary brain tumors (PBT) with IL-2/LAK cells. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1988; 7: 82, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Berd D., Mastrangelo M. J. Effect of low-dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: reduction of T suppressor function without depletion of the CD8′ subset. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3317–3321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann A., Hoffken K., Schmidt R. E., et al. A phase-II study of low-dose cyclosphosphamide and recombinant human interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989; 28: 275–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croghan W., Hersh E. M., Taylor C., et al. Phase I-II study of low dose cytoxan and recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the treatment of disseminated carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 180, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A., Packard B. S., Aebersold P. M., et al. Use of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in the irrunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1676–1680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kradin R. L., Lazarus D. S., Dubinett S. M., et al. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in treatment of advanced cancer. Lancet 1989; 1577–580
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A., Spiess P., Lafreniere R. A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Science 1986; 233: 1318–1321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A. Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A., Schwarz S. L., Spiess P. J. Combination immunotherapy for cancer: synergistic antitumor interactions of interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. JNCI 1988; 80: 1393–1397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranges G. E., Figari I. S., Esperilr T., et al. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 991–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W. Y., Lusheng S., Kanbour A., et al. Lymphocytes infiltrating human ovarian tumors: synergy between tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 2 in the generation of CD8+ effectors and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5979–5985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K. H., Talpaz M., Rothberg J. M., et al. Concomitant administration of recombinant human interleukin-2 and recombinant nterferon alp 2-A in cancer patients: a phase I study. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1726–1732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bum G. T., Osgd B., Barns B., et al. Phase I clinical trial of interleukin 2 and alpha interferon: toxicity and immunologic effects. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6432–6436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A., Huberman M., Fallon B., et al. Phase. I study of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and recombinant human interferon alpha (IFN-Roche) in patients (Pts) with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (Ca), colorectal Ca and malignant Bell disease. Roc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 179, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S. A., Loae M. T., Yang J. C., et al. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1863–1874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolitz J. E., Flomenbcrg N., Templemn M. A., et al. A phase. I pilot trial of recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon alpha-2a in the low grade B cell lymphopliferative diseases. Proc Am Soc Hematol 1988; 72: 246, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Krigef R., Padavic K., Rudolph A., et al. -cell Carcinoma: treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) plus beta interferon (Ifn-beta). Roc Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 186
   Google Scholar
• Paolozzi F., Zamkoff K., Doyle M., et al. Phape I trial of recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant beta-interferon in refractory neoplastic diseases. J Biol Resp Modif 1989; 8: 122–139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margolin K., Doroshow J., Mills B., et al. Phase I trial of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma-interferon. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 188, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Redman B. G., Fzaherty L., Chou T. H., et al. A phase I trial of recombinant interleukin-2 combined with recombinant interferon-gamma in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1269–1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunda M. J., Tarnowski D., Davateks V. Interaction of recombinant interferons with recombinant interleukin-2: differential effects on natural killer cell activity and interleukin-2 activated killer cells. Int J Cancer 1986; 37: 787–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks C. G., Holscher M., Urdal D. Natural killer cell activity in cloned cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: regulation by intcrleukin-2, intaferon and specific. J Immunol 1985; 135: 1145–1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby M. R., Svederslry L. P., McKay P. A., et al. In vivo augmentation of natural killer activity by combined treatment with recombinant gamma interferon and interleukin-2. J Interferon Res 1985; 5: 571–581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahah R., Malloy B., Sherrod A., et al. Therapy of disseminated NK-resistant tumor by the synergistic effects of recombinant interleulin-2 and tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Resp Modif 1988; 7: 140–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higuch C. M., Thompson J. A., Lindgren C. G., et al. Induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity by interleukin 4 in human lymphocytes preactivated by interleukin 2 in vivo or in vitro. Cancer Res 1989; 59: 6487–6492
   Google Scholar
• Ortaldo J. R., Woodhousc C., Morgan A. C., et al. Analysis of effector cells in human antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity with murine monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1987; 138: 3561–3572
   Google Scholar
• Shinoli E., Eisenthal A., Sachs D., et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by murine lymphocytes activated in recombinant interleukin 2. J Immunol 1987; 138: 1992–1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawase I., Komuta K., Hara H., et al. Combined therapy of mice bearing a lymphokhe-activated killer-resistant tumor with recombinant interleukin 2 and an antitumor monoclonal antibody capable of inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 113–1179
   Google Scholar
• Vuist W. MJ, Buitenen F. V., de Rie M. A., et al. Potentiation of interleukin 2 of Burkitt's lymphoma therapy with anti-pan B (anti-CD19) monoclonal antibodies in a mouse xenotransplantation model. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 3783–3788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajorin D., Chapman P., Kunicka J., et al. Phase I trial of anti-GD3 mouse monoclonal antibody and IL2 in patients with melanoma. PRoc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1988; 7: 250, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Perez P., Hoflinan R. W., Titus J. A., et al. Specific targeting of human peripheral blood T cells by heteroaggregates containing anti-T3 crosslinked to antitargel cell antibodies. J Exp Med 1986; 163: 166–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merluzzi V. J., Welte K., Savage D. M., et al. Expansion of cyclophos-phamide-resistant cytotoxic precursors in vitro and in vivo by purified human interleukin 2. J Immunol 1983; 131L806–809
   Google Scholar
• Kiyohara T., Taniguchi K., Kubota S., et al. Induction of lymphokine-activated killer-like cells by cancer chemotherapy. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 2355–2360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimery I., Martin T., Bradley E., et al. Phase I trial of interleukin-2 (rIL-2) plus cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorcuracil (5-FU) in recurrent or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Roc Amer Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 170, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos N. EJ, Howard J., Murray J. L., et al. Phase I-II DTIC and interleukin 2 (IL-2) trial for metastatic malignant melanoma. Roc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 8: 290, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Lotzova E., Savary C. A., Herberman R. B. Induction of NK cell activity against fresh human leukemia in culture with interleukin 2. J Immunol 1987; 138: 2718–2727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler A., Chervenick P. A., Whiteside T. L., et al. Interleukin 2 induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of acute leukemia patients. I. Feasibility of LAK generation in adult patients with active disease and in remission. Blood 1988; 71: 709–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keever C. A., Small T. N., Flomenberg N., et al. Immune reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation: comparison of recipients of T-cell depleted marrow with recipients of conventional marrow grafts. Blood 1989; 73: 1340–1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi C. M., Thompson J. A., Cox T., et al. Lymphokhe-activated killer function following autologous bone marrow transplantation for refractory hematological malignancies. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5509–5513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa R., Meloni G., Tosti S., et al. Recombinant IL2 in the treatment of acute leukemia: a pilot study. Proc Am Soc Hematol 1989; 74: 357, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Brenner M. K., Gottlieb D. J., Heslop H. F., et al. Recombinant interleukin 2 infusion in patient with minimal residual hematologic malisoancy following cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT), or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1989; 18: 198, (abstr.)
   Google Scholar