21
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Modulation of Cytotoxicity and Differentiation-Inducing Potential of Arabinofuranosylcytosine in Myeloid Leukemia Cells by Hematopoietic Cytokines

, &
Pages 198-211 | Published online: 11 Jun 2009

References

  • Frei E, Bickers J N, Hewlett J S. Dose schedule and anti-tumor studies of arabinosylcytosine. Cancer Res 1969; 29: 1325–1332
  • Bolewell B, Cassileth P, Gale R. High dose cytoardbine: a rcview. Leukemia 1988; 2: 253–260
  • Herzig R H, Wolff S N, Lazarus H M. High dose cytosine arabinoside therapy for refractory leukemia. Blood 1983; 62: 361–369
  • Herzig R H, Lazarus H M, Wolff S N. High dose cytosine arabinoside therapy with and without anthracyclinc antibiotics for remission re-induction of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 997–997
  • Valent P, Sillaber C, Geissler K. Combination treatment of acute myeloblastic leukemia with rhGM-CSF and standard induction chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 1993; 11(2)229–234
  • Graham F, Whitmore G. Studies in mouse L-cells on the incorporation of I-β-D ardbinofuranosykytosine 5′-triphosphate. Cancer Res 1970; 30: 2636–2644
  • Furth J, Cohen S. Inhibition of mammalian DNA polymerase by the 5′-triphosphate of I-β-D ardbinofuranosylademine. Cancer Res 1971; 28: 2061–2067
  • Chu M, Fischer G. The incorporation of H-cytosine arabinoside and its effect on murine leukemic cells. Biocheni Pharmacol 1968; 17: 753–767
  • Zahn R, Mueller W, Foster W. Action of 1–β-D arabinofuranosylcytosine on mammalian tumor cells. I: Incorporation into DNA. Eur J Cancer 1972; 8: 391–396
  • Ohno Y, Spriggs D, Matsukage A. Effect of 1-β-D arabinofuranosylcytosine incorporation on elongation of specific DNA sequences by DNA polymerase β. Canc Res 1988; 48: 1494–1498
  • Townsend A, Cheng Y C. Sequence specific effect of ara-5-aza-CTP on DNA synthesis by purified human DNA polymerase in vitro: visualization of chain elongation on a defined template. Mol Pharmacol 1987; 23: 30–339
  • Mikita T, Beardsley G P. Functional consequences of the ara-binosylcytosinc structural lesion in DNA. Biochemistry 1988; 27: 4698–4705
  • Hiddemann W, Kreuzmann H, Straif K. High dose cytosine arabinoside in combination with mitoxantrone for the treatment of refractory acute mycloid and lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Oncol 1987; 74–77, Suppl 1
  • Spriggs D R, Robbins G, Arthur K. Prolonged high dose ara-C in leukemia. Leukemia 1988; 2: 304–306
  • Griffin J D, Young D, Hemnmann F. Effects of recombinant human GM-CSF on proliferation of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 66: 1448–1453
  • Herrmann F, Oster W, Lindemann A. Leukemic-colony forming cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia: maturation hicrarchy and growth conditions. Haematol Blood Transfu 1987; 31: 185–195
  • Bhalla K, Birkhofer M, Arlin Z. Effect of recombinant GM-CSF on metabolism of cytosine arabinoside in normal and leukemic human bone marrow cells. Leukemia 1988; 2: 810–813
  • Cannistra S A, Groshek P, Griffin J D. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the cytotoxic effects of cy-tosine-arabinoside in acute myeloblastic leukemia and in the myeloid blast crisis phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1989; 3: 328–332
  • Brach M, Klein H, Platzer E. Effect of interleukin-3 on cytosine arabinoside-mediated cytotoxicity of leukemic niye-loblasts. Exp Hematol 1990; 18: 748–753
  • Lista P, Brizzi M F, Rossi M. Different sensitivity of normal and leukemic progenitor cells to ara-C and IL-3 combined treatment. Br J Haeniatol 1990; 76: 21–26
  • Tafuri A, Andreef M. Cell kinetic modulations of hematological malignancies by cytokincs: Recruitment therapy to overcome cytokinetic resistance. Hematopoietic Growth Factor. in Clinical Applications, R Mertelsmann, F Hermann. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1990; 381–399
  • Herrmann F, Mertelsmann R. Polypcptides controlling hema-topoietic blood cell development and function. I: In vitro results. Blut 1989; 58: 117–124
  • Henmann F, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann R. polypeptides controlling hematopoietic blood cell development and function. II: Clinical results. Blut 1989; 58: 173–180
  • Oster W, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann R, Henmann F. Production of macrophage-, granulocyte-, granulocyte-macrophage-, and multi-colony-stimulating factor by peripheral blood cells. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19: 543–547
  • Niemeyer C M, Sieff C A, Mathey-Prevot B. Expression of human interleukin-3 is restricted to human lymphocytes and T-cell tumor lines. Blood 1989; 73: 945–951
  • Lindemann A, Jung A, Mertelsmann R, Henmann F. Secretion of GM-CSF by B-cell lines. Leukemia 1991; 5: 715–720
  • Henmann F, Riedel Bonifer D. R. Secretion of GM-CSF by human blood monocytes is stimulated by engagement of Fc-gamma RI receptor by solid-phase immunoglobulins requiring high affinity Fc-Fc-gamma RI interactions. Eur J Immunol 1992, In press
  • Broudy V C, Kaushansky K, Segal G M. Tumor necrosis factor type alpha stimulates human endothelial cells to produce granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1986; 83: 7467–7747
  • Munker R, Gasson J, Ogawa M., Koeftler H P. Recombinant human TNF induces production of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Nature 1986; 323: 79–82
  • Sieff C A, Emerson S G, Donahue R E, Nathan D G. Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: a multilineage hematopoietin. Science 1985; 230: 1171–1173
  • Le Beau M W, Westbrook C A, Diaz M O. Evidence for the involvement of GM-CSF and fms in the deletion (5q) in mycloid disorders. Science 1986; 231: 984–987
  • Gasson J C, Kaugman S E, Weisbart R H. High affinity binding of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to normal and leukemic human myeloid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1986; 83: 669–673
  • Gearing D P, King J A, Gough N M, Nicola N A. Cloning of the human GM-CSF receptor. EMBO J 1989; 8: 3667–3676
  • Hcrrmann F, Schulz G, Lindemann A. Hematopoietic responses in patients with advanced malignancy treated with recombinant human GM-CSF. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 155–162
  • Lieschke G J, Maher D, Cebon J. Effect of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. Ann Int Med 1989; 110: 357–364
  • Antman K S, Griffin J D, Elias A. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced inyelosuppression. N Engl J Med 1989; 319: 593–598
  • Herrmann F, Schulz G, Wieser M. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and related morbidity induced by myelotoxic chemotherapy. Am J Med 1990; 89: 691–697
  • Groopman J E, Mitsuyasu R T, De Leo M J. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myelopoiesis in the acquired immunodeficiency ayndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 393–598
  • Vadhan-Raj S, Keating M, Maistre A. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1545–1552
  • Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Klein H. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts. Leukemia 1989; 3: 335–338
  • Ganser A, Volkers B, Greher J. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: A phase I/II trial. Blood 1989; 73: 31–37
  • Antin J H, Smith B R, Holmcs W. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte-niacrophage colony-stimulating factor in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 1988; 72: 705–713
  • Herrmann F, Lindemann A, Rhagavachar A. In vivo recruitment of GM-CSF sensitive bone marrow progenitor cells by interleukin-3 in aplastic anemia. Leukemia 1991; 4: 671–674
  • Ganser A, Ottmann O G, Erdman H. The effect of recom-inant human GM-CSF on neutropenia and related morbidity in chronic severe neutropenia. Ann Int Med 1989; 111: 887–892
  • Oster W, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann R, Henmann F. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and multi-Iineage-CSF recruit human monocytes to express granulocyte-CSF. Blood 1988; 73: 64–67
  • Nagata S, Tsuchia M, Asano S. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. EMBO J 1986; 5: 575–581
  • Souza L M, Boone T C, Gabrilove J C. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Science 1986; 232: 61–65
  • Simmers R N, Webber L M, Shannon M F. Localization of the G-CSF gene on chromosome 17 proximal to the breakpoint in t (15:17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1987; 70: 330–332
  • Welte K, Platzer E, Lu L. Purification and biochemical characterization of human pluripotent hemopoietic colony-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1985; 82: 1526–1530
  • Lindemdnn A, Herrmann F, Oster W. Hematologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with malignancy. Blood 1989; 74: 2644–2651
  • Bronchud M H, Scarffe J H, Thatcher N. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1987; 56: 809–813
  • Morstyn G, Cambell L., Souzd L M. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lancet 1988; 1: 667–672
  • Kobayashi Y, Okabc T, Ozawa K. Treatment of niyelo-dysplastic syndromes with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: a preliminary report. Am J Med 1989; 86: 178–182
  • Negrin R S, Haenber D H, Nagler A. Treatment of mye-lodysplastic syndromes with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: a phase I– II trial. Ann Int Med 1989; 110: 976–984
  • Welte K, Zeidler C, Reitcr A. Differential effects of GM-CSF and G-CSF in children with severe cogenital neutropenia. Blood 1990; 75: 1056–1063
  • Bonilla M A, Gillio A P, Rugpeiro M. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor on neutropenia in patients with congenital agranulocytosis. N Engl Med 1989; 320: 1574–1580
  • Hanimond W P, Price T H, Souza L M, Dale D C. Treatment of cyclic neutropenia with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 38–42
  • Jakubowski A A, Souza Kelly L. F. Effect of human recombinant granulocyte colon-stimulating factor in patients with idiopathic neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 38–42
  • Wodner-Fillipowicz A, Heusser C H, Moroni C. Production of the heniatopoietic growth factor GM-CSF and interleukin-3 by mast cells in response to IgE receptor-mediated activation. Nature 1989; 339: 150–152
  • Le Beau M M, Epstein N D, O'Brian S J. The interleukin-3 gene is located on chromosome 5 and is deleted in mycloid leukemias with deletion of 5q. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1987; 84: 5913–5917
  • Ito N, Yonehard S, Schreurs J. Cloning of an interleukin-3 receptor gene: A member of a distinct receptor family. Science 1990; 247: 324–327
  • Lopez A F, Dyson P G. LB, Recombinant interleukin-3 stimulation of hematopoiesis in human: Loss of responsiveness with differentiation in the neutrophilic myeloid series. Blood 1988; 72: 1797–1803
  • Lindemann A, Hemnann F, Mertelsmann R. Human recombinant IL-3: A phase I/II clinical study. Hematopoietic. Growrh Facrors in Clinical Applications, R Mertelsmann, F. Herrmann Marcel. Dekker Inc., New York 1990; 149–159
  • Ganser A, Lindemann A, Seipelt G. Effect of recombinant human interleukin-3 in patients with normal hematopolesis and in patients with bone marrow failure. Blood 1990; 76: 366–676
  • Ganser A, Seipelt G, Lindcmann A. Effect of recomhiniint human interleukin-3 in patients with niyelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 1990; 76: 455–462
  • Ganser A, Lindemann A, Seipelt G. Effects of recombinaint human interleukin-3 in aplastic anemia. Blood 1990; 76: 1287–1292
  • Cosman D J, Gillis S. Molecular biology of the hematopoietic growth factors. Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Clinical Applications, R. Mertelsinann, F. Hermann. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1990; 89–104
  • Kawasaki E D, Ladner M B, Wang A M. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human macrophage specific colony-tinulating factor (CSF-I). Science 1986; 230: 91–96
  • Wong GG, Temple P A, Leary A C. Human CSF-I: Molecular cloning and expression of a 4-kb cDNA encoding the human urinary protein. Science 1987; 235: 1504–1508
  • Ceretti D P, Wignall J, Anderwn D. Human macrophage colony-stimulating factor: alternative RNA and protein processing from a single gene. Mol Immunol 1988; 25: 761–770
  • Pettenati M J, Le Beau M M, Lemons R S. Assignment of CSF-I to Sq.33.1: evidence for clustering of genes regulating hematopoiesis and for their involvement in the deletion of the long arm of chromosomes 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1987; 84: 2970–2974
  • Bartocci A, Mastrogiannis D S, Migliovati G. Macrophages specifically regulate the concentration of their own growth factors in the circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1987; 84: 6179–6183
  • Herrniann F, Lindemann A, Mertelsrnann R. G-CSF and M-CSF: From molecular biology to clinical application. Biotherapy 1990; 2: 315–322
  • Sherr C J, Rettenmicr C, Sacca W. R. The c-fms protoon-cogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor CSF-I. Cell 1985; 41: 665–676
  • Becker S, Warren M K, Haskill S. Colony-stimulating factor induces inonocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages in seruni free cultures. J Immunol 1987; 139: 3703–3709
  • Stanley E R, Guilbert L J, Tushinski R J, Bartelmez S F. CSF-I: a mononuclear phagocytc lineage specific hemopoietic growth factor. J Cell Biochcni 1983; 21: 151–159
  • Miyauchi J, Wang C, Kelleher C A. The effects of recombinant CSF-I on blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia in suspension culture. J Cell Physiol 1988; 135: 55–62
  • Van de Pol C J, Gamick M B. Clinical application of recombinant macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rh M-CSF). Biotech Ther 1991; 2: 231–239
  • Sutherland G R, Baker E, Hyland C J. The gene of human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) maps to 22q12. Leukemia 1989; 39: 13
  • Gearing D P, Cough N M, King J A. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a niurine myloid leuhcmia inhibitory factor (LIF). EMBO J 1987; 6: 3995–4002
  • Okabe-Kado J, Kasukate T, Honma Y. Purification of a factor inhibiting differentiation from conditioned medium of nondifferentiating niouse niyeloid leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 10994–10999
  • Moreau J F, Donaldson D D, Benned F. Leukemia inhibitory factor is identical to the myeloid growth factor interleukin for DA cells. Nature 1988; 336: 690–692
  • Wang C, Lishner M, Mindcn M D, Mc Culloch E A. The effect of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on the blast stem cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1990; 4: 548–552
  • Maekawa T, Metcalf D. Clonal suppression of HL60 and U937 cells by recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor in conibination with GM-CSE. Leukemia 1989; 3: 270–376
  • Lübbert M, Mantovani L, Lindemann A. The human LIF gene is regulated in mesenchymal cells. Leukemia 1991; 5: 361–367
  • Metcalf D. personal communication
  • Herrmann F, Vellenga E. The role of colony-stimulating factors in acute leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990; 116: 275–282
  • Vellenga E, Ostapovicz D, O'Rourke B, Griffin J D. Effect of rh IL-3, GM-CSF and G-CSF on proliferation of leukemic clon-ogenic cells in short term and long term culture. Leukemia 1987; 1: 548–560
  • Delwel R, Salem M, Pellens C. Growth regulation of human acute niycloid leukemia: effect of five recombinant heniato-poietic growth factors in a serum-free culture system. Blood 1988; 72: 1944–1949
  • Sealand S, Caux C, Favre C. Effect of recombinant human interleukin-3 in CD 34 enriched normal hematopoietic progcnitors and on myeloblastic leukemia cells. Blood 1988; 72: 1580–1588
  • Miyauchi J, Kelleher C A, Yang Y C. The effects of three recombinant growth factors, IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF, on the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia maintained in short-term suspension culture. Blood 1987; 70: 657–663
  • Miyauchi J, Kelleher C A, Wang C. Growth factors influencc the sensitivity of leukemic stem cells to cytosine arabin-oside in culture. Blood 1989; 73: 1272–1277
  • Vellenga E, Young D C, Wagner K. The effects of GM-CSF and G-CSF in promoting growth of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1987; 69: 1771–1776
  • Tomonaga M, Golde D W, Gasson J C. Biosynthetic (recombinant) human GM-CSF effects on normal bone marrow and leukemic cell lines. Blood 1986; 67: 31–36
  • Cannistra S A, Rambaldi A, Spriggs D R. Human granu-locyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces expression of the tumor necrosis factor gene by the U937 cell line and by normal human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1720–1728
  • Lindemann A, Riedel D, Oster W. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factorinduces secretion of autoinhibitory monokines by U937 cells. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18: 369–374
  • Young D G, Wagner K, Griffin J D. Constitutive expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene in acute myeloblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 100–106
  • Griffin J D, Rambaldi A, Vellenga E. Secretion of interleukin-I by acute niyeloblastic leukemia cells in vitro induccs endothelial cells to secrete colony stimulating factors. Blood 1987; 70: 1218–1221
  • Young D C, Demetri G D, Ernst T J. In vitro expression ot colony-stimulating factor genes by human acute myeloblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 1988; 16: 378–382
  • Oster W, Lindemann A, Mertelsniann R, Herrmann F. Regulation of gene expression of M-, G-, GM-, and multi-CSF in normal and malignant heniatopoietic cells. Blood Cells 1988; 14: 443–462
  • Rambaldi A, Wakamiya N, Vellenga E. Expression of the M-CSF and c-fms genes in human acute niyeloblastic leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1030–1035
  • Cheng G YM, Kelleher C A, Miyauchi J. Structure and expression of genes of GM-CSF and G-CSF in blast cells from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1988; 71: 204–208
  • Oster W, Cicco N A, Klein H. Participation of the cytokineh IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-l beta secreted by AML blasts in autocrine and paracrine leukemia growth control. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 451–457
  • Wakamiya N, Stone R, Takeyama H. Detection of tumor necrosis factor gene expression at a cellular level in human acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1989; 3: 51–56
  • Sakai K, Hattori T, Matsuoka M. Autocrine stimulation of interleukin-l beta in acute myelogenous leukemia cells. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 1597–1602
  • Hoang T, Hanian A, Goncalves O. Interleukin I enhances growth factor-dependent proliferation of the clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia and of normal human primitive hemopoietic precursors. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 463–474
  • Brach M, Löwenberg B, Mantovani L. Interleukin (IL)-6 is an intermediate in IL-I-induced proliferation of leukemic hunian megakaryoblasts. Blood 1990; 76: 1972–1979
  • Karp J E, Burke J E, Donehover R C. Effect of rh GM-CSF on intracellular ara-C pharmacology in vitro in acute myelogenoua leukemia: Comparability with drug induced humoral stiiiiulatory activity. Leukemia 1990; 4: 553–556
  • Kobayashi M, Van Leeuwen B H, Elsbury S. Interleukin-3 is significantly more effective than other colony-stimulating factors in long-term maintenance of human bone marrow derived colony-forming cells in vitro. Blood 1989; 72: 1298–1303
  • Griffin J D, Munroc D, Major P, Kufe D. Induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Exp Hematol 1982; 10: 776–783
  • Watanabe T, Mitchell T, Sariban E. Effects of phorbolester and I-β-D arabinofuranosylcytosine on induction of K562 eryth-roleukemia cell differentiation. Mol Pharmacol 1985; 27: 683–688
  • Takeo K, Minowada J, Bloch A. Kinetic of apperance of differentiation-aasociated characteristics of ML-I, a line of human myeloblastic leukemia cells after treatment with 12–0-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide. or I-β-D-ara-binofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res 1982; 42: 5152–5157
  • Chomienne C, Balitrand N, Abita J. Effect of I-β-D-arabino-furanosylcytosine on differentiation of U937 cells. ICTS Med Sci 1983; 11: 731–732
  • Pinto A, Attadia V, Rosati R. Differentiation of human leukemic cell lines and fresh leukemia cells by low dose ara-C: monitoring by expression of c-myc and c-fos oncogenes. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacol 1988; 59–97
  • Datta R, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. Regulation of jun-B gene expression by I-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human niyeloid Ieukemia cells. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 38: 435–439
  • Sherman M, Stone R, Datta R. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of C-jun expression during induction of nionocytic differentiation. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 3320–3323
  • Kharbanda S, Sherman M L, Kufe D. Transcriptional regulation of c-jun gene expression by arabinofuranosylcytosinc in human KG-I acute myelogenous leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1517–1523
  • Henschler R, Brennscheidt U, Mertelsmann R, Herrmann F. Induction of c-jun expression in the myeloid leukemia cell line KG-I by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 39
  • Geisaler K, Harrington M, Srivastava C. Effects of recon-binant human colony-stimulating factors on human nionocyte/ macrophage differentiation. J Immunol 1989; 143: 140–146
  • Brach M, Riedel D, Mertelsmann R, Herrmann F. Synergistic effect of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and I-β-D-ardbinofurdnobylcytosine on protooncogene expression and induction of differentiation in human U937 cells. Leukemia 1990; 3: 636–649
  • Wisch J S, Griffin J D, Kufe D W. Response of preleukemic syndromes to continuous infusion of low-dose cytarabine. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 1599–1602
  • Cheaon B D, Jasperse D M, Simon R, Friedmdn M A. A critical appraisel of low dose cytosine arabinoside in patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and niyelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 1857–1864
  • Herrmann F, Ganser A, Lindemann A. Clinical use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors (GM-CSF, IL-3, EPO) in patients with MDS. Biotechn Ther 1992; 2: 299–307
  • Ganser A, Hoelzer D. GM-CSF/ara-C in myelodyplastic syndrome. Hematopoietic. Growth Factors in Clinical Applications, R Mertelsniann, F Herrmann. Marcel Dekher Inc., New York 1990; 255–277
  • Ganser A, Bartrani C R, Ottmann O G. Stimulation of non-clonal hematopoiesis in patients with hematological disorders by recombinant GM-CSF or interleukin-3. Blood 1990; 76: 568, (abstr), (Suppl 1)
  • Estey E, Kantarjian H, Keating M. Use of GM-CSF prior to chemotherapy of AML: Effect of circulating blast count, thymidine incorporation and ara-CTP formation. Blood 1990; 76: 558, (abstr), (Suppl 1)
  • Tafuri A, Estley E, Valent P. Cell kinetic effects in vivo of rh GM-CSF as preinduction treatment in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1990; 76: 663, (abstr), (Suppl 1)
  • Burke P J, Wendel K A, Nichols P D. A phase I trial of GM-CSF and humoral stimulating activity as bioniodulators of timed sequential therapy of AML. Blood 1990; 76: 1023, (ahstr), (Suppl 1)
  • Lacombe F, Dumain P, Puntous M. Clinical and biological results in AML patients treated with GM-CSF and intensive chemotherapy. Blood 1990; 76: 1157, (abstr). (Suppl 1)
  • Berdel W E, Danhauser-Riedl S, Doll M, Herrmann F. Effect of hematopoietic growth factors on the growth of nonhenwto-poietic tumor cell lines. Hematopoetic Growth Factors in Clinical Applications, R Mertelsmann, F Herrmann. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1990; 339–362

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.