5
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Positron Emission Tomography Scanning in Cancer

, , , , &
Pages 74-87 | Published online: 11 Jun 2009

References

  • Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography. Principles and Applications for the Brain and Heart, M E Phelps, J C Mazziotta, H R Schelbert. Raven Press, New York 1986
  • Hawkins R A, Phelps M E. Applications of PET in clinical oncology. Cancer Metast Rev 1988; 7: 119–142
  • Beaney R P. Positron emission tomography in the study of human tumors. Semin Nucl Med 1984; 14(4)324–341
  • Ott R J. The applications of positron emission tomography to oncology. Br J Cancer 1991; 63(3)343–345, (editorial)
  • Strauss L G, Conti P S. The applications of PET in clinical oncology. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 623–648
  • Hawkins R A, Hoh C, Dahlbom M, Choi Y, Glaspy J, Tse N, Slamon D, Chen B, Mess C, Maddahi J, Phelps M E. PET cancer evaluations with FDG. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1555–1558
  • Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers M H, Patlak C S, Pettigrew K D, Sakurada O, Shinohara M. The (14C)-deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 1977; 28: 897–916
  • Phelps M E, Huang S-C, Hoffman E J, Selin C, Sokoloff L, Kuhl D E. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Validation of method. Ann Neurol 1979; 6: 371–388
  • Reivich M, Kuhl D E, Wolf A, Greenberg J, Phelps M E, Ido T, Casella V, Fowler J, Hoffman E, Alavi A, Som P, Sokoloff L. The (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ Res 1979; 44: 127–137
  • Huang S C, Phelps M E, Hoffman E J, Sideris K, Selin C J, Kuhl D E. Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: E69–E82
  • Hawkins R A, Phelps M E, Huang S C. Effects of temporal sampling, glucose metabolic rates and disruptions of the blood brain barrier (BBB) on the FDG model with and without a vascular compartment: Studies in human brain tumors with PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6: 170–183
  • Di Chiro G, Paz R L, De La Brooks R A, Sokoloff L, Kornblith P L, Smith B H, Patronas N J, Kufta C V, Kessler R M, Johnston G S, Manning R G, Wolf A P. Glucose utilization of cerebral gliomas measured by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Neurology 1982; 32: 1323–1329
  • Di Chiro G. Positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorode-oxyglucose in brain tumors. Invest Radiol 1987; 22: 360–371
  • Di Chiro G, Oldfield E, Wright D C, De Michele D, Katz D A, Patronas N J, Doppman J L, Larson S M, Ito M, Kufta C V. Cerebral necrosis after radiotherapy and/or intra-arterial chemotherapy for brain tumors: PE and neuropathologic studies. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 150: 189–197
  • Patronas N J, Di Chiro D G, Kufta C, Bairamian D, Kornblith P L, Simon R, Larson S M. Prediction of survival in glioma patients by PET. J Neurosurg 1986; 62: 816–822
  • Di Chiro G, Brooks R A. PET-FDG of untreated and treated cerebral gliomas. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 421–422
  • Gallagher B M, Fowler J S, Gutterson N I, MacGregor R R, Wan C N, Wolf A P. Metabolic trapping as a principle of radiopharmaceutical design: Some factors responsible for the biodistribution of [18F]2-deoxyglucose. J Nucl Med 1989; 19: 1154–1161
  • Warburg O. The Metabolism of Tumors. Constabel, London 1930
  • Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 1956; 123: 309–314
  • Flier J S, Mueckler M M, Usher P, Lodish H F. Elevated levels of glucose transport and transporter messenger RNA are induced by ras or src oncogenes. Science 1987; 235: 1492–1495
  • Hiraki Y, McMorrow I M, Birnbaum M J. The regulation of glucose transporter gene expression by cyclic adenosine monophosphate in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Endocrinol 1989; 3: 1470–1476
  • Hiraki Y, Rosen O M, Birnbaum M J. Growth factors rapidly induce expression of the glucose transporter gene. J Biol Chem 1988; 27: 263
  • Slater D W, Baldwin S A, Lienhard G E, Weber M J. Proteins antigenically related to the human erythrocyte glucose transporter in normal and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 1540–1544
  • Birnbaum M J, Haspel H C, Rosen O M. Transformation of rat fibroblasts by FSV rapidly increases glucose transporter gene transcription. Science 1987; 235: 1495–1498
  • Weber G. Enzymology of cancer cells. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 486–493; 541–551
  • Som P, Atkins H L, Bandoypadhyay D, Fowler J S, MacGregor R R, Matsui K, Oster Z H, Sacker D F, Shiue C Y, Turner H, Wan C-N, Wolf A P, Zabinski S V. A fluorinated glucose analog, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F): Nontoxic tracer for rapid tumor detection. J Nucl Med 1980; 21: 670–675
  • Hawkins R A, Choi Y, Huang S C, Messa C, Hoh C K, Phelps M E. Quantitating tumor glucose metabolism with FDG and PET. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 339–344
  • Schelstraete K, Simons M, Deman J, Vermeulen L, Slegers G, Vandecasteele C, Goethals P, De Schryver A. Uptake of 13N-ammonia by human tumors as studies by positron emission tomography. Br J Radiol 1982; 55: 797–804
  • Ito M, Lammertsma A A, Wise R JS, Bernardi S, Frackowiak R SJ, Heather J D, McKenzie C G, Thomas D GT, Jones T. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in patients with cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in patients with cerebral tumors using 15O and positron emission tomography: Analytical techniques and preliminary results. Neuroradiology 1982; 23: 63–74
  • Rhodes C G, Wise R JS, Gibbs J M, Frackowiak R SJ, Hatazawa J, Palmer A J, Thomas D GT, Jones T. In vivo disturbance of the oxidative metabolism of glucose in human cerebral gliomas. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 614–626
  • Beaney R P, Lammertsma A A, Jones T, McKenzie C G, Halnan K E. Positron emission tomography for in-vivo measurement of regional blood flow, oxygen utilization, and blood volume in patients with breast carcinoma. Lancet 1984; I(8369)131–134
  • Kubota K, Matsuzawa, Fujiwara T, Abe Y, Ito M, Hatazawa J, Ido T, Ishiwata K, Watanuki S. Differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules with positron emission tomography using [IIC]L- Methionine. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12(5)794–796
  • Kubota K, Matsuzawa T, Takahashi T, Fujiwara T, Kinomura S, Ido T, Sato T, Kubota R, Tada M, Ishiwata K. Rapid and sensitive response of carbon-II-L-methionine tumor uptake to irradiation. J Nucl Med 1989; 30: 2012–2016
  • Kiichi I, Vaalburg W, Elsinga P H, Paans A MJ, Woldring M G. Comparison of L-[I-IIC]methionine and L-methyl-[IIC]methionine for measuring in vivo protein synthesis rates with PET. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 1419–1427
  • Mosskin M, Von Holst H, Bergstrom M, Collins V P, Eriksson L, Johnstrom P, Noren G. Positron emission tomography with IIC-methionine and computed tomography of intracranial tumours compared with histopathologic examination of multiple biopsies. Acta Radiol 1987; 28: 673–681
  • Keen R E, Barrio J R, Huang S C, Hawkins R A, Phelps M E. In-vivo protein synthesis rates with leucyl-transfer RNA used as precursor pool: Determination of biochemical parameters to structure tracer kinetic models for positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 429–445
  • Hawkins R A, Huang S C, Barrio J R, Keen R E, Feng D, Mazziotta J C, Phelps M E. Estimation of local cerebral protein synthesis rates with L-[I-IIC]leucine and PET: Methods, model and results in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 446–460
  • Gelbard A S, Benua R S, Laughlin J S, Rosen B, Reiman R E, McDonald J M. Quantitative scanning of osteogenic sarcoma with nitrogen-13-labeled L-glutamate. J Nucl Med 1979; 20: 782–784
  • Knapp W H, Helus F, Layer K, Panzer M. Nitrogen-13-glutamate uptake and perfusion in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma before and after single-dose-irradiation. J Nucl Med 1986; 27: 1604–1610
  • Reiman R E, Rosen G, Gelbard A S, Benua R S, Laughlin J S. Imaging of primary Ewing sarcoma with N-13 L-glutamate. Radiology 1982; 142: 494–500
  • Shields A F, Lim K, Grierson J, Link J, Krohn K A. Utilization of labeled thymidine in DNA synthesis: studies for PET. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 337–342
  • Mariat P, Ferrant A, Labar D, Cogneau M, Bol A, Michel C, Michaux J L, Sokal G. In vivo measurement of carbon-II-thymidine uptake in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 1633–1637
  • Poupeye E, Counsell R E, De Leenheer A, Slegers G, Goethals P. Synthesis of IIC-labelled thymidine for tumor visualization using positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Appl Instrument. Part A. Appl Radiat Isotopes 1989; 40: 57–61
  • Ishiwata K, Ido T, Yoshinao A, Matsuzawa T, Murakami M. Studies on 18F-labeled pyrimidines. III. Biochemical investigation of 18F-labeled pyrimidines and comparison with 3H-deoxythymidine in tumor-bearing rats and mice. Eur J Nucl Med 1985; 10: 39–44
  • Hiesiger E, Follwer J S, Wolf A P, Logan J, Brodie J D, McPherson D, MacGregor R R, Christman D R, Volkow N D, Flamm E. Serial PET studies of human cerebral malignancy with [I-IIC]putrescine and [I-IIC]2-deoxy-D-glucose. J Nucl Med 1987; 28: 1251–1261
  • Fujiwara T, Kubota K, Sato T, Matsuzawa T, Tada M, Iwata R, Itoh M, Hatazawa J, Sato K, Fukuda H, Ido T. N-[18F]fluoracetyl-D-glucosamine: A potential agent for cancer diagnosis. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 1654–1658
  • Yen C K, Budinger T F, Friedland R P, Derenzo S E, Huesman R H, O'Brien H A. Brain tumor evaluation using Rb-82 and positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 1982; 23: 532–537
  • Lammertsma A A, Brooks D J, Frackowiak R SJ, Heather J D, Jones T. A method to quantitate the fractional extraction of rubidium-82 across the blood barrier using positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 523–534
  • Brooks D J, Kensett M J, Lammertsma A A, Leenders K L, Horlock P L, Kensett M J, Marshall J, Thomas D J, Jones T. Quantitative measurement of blood brain barrier permeability using rubidium-82 and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 535–545
  • Jarden J O, Dhawan V, Poltorak A, Posner J B, Rottenberg D A. Positron emission tomographic measurement of blood-to-brain and blood-to-tumor transport of 82Rb: The effect of dexamethasone and whole-brain radiation therapy. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 636–646
  • Hawkins R A, Phelps M E, Huang S C, Wapenski J A, Grimm P D, Parker R G, Juillard G, Greenberg P. A kinetic evaluation of blood brain barrier permeability in human brain tumors with 68Ga EDTA and positron computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 504–515
  • Kessler R M, Goble J C, Bird J H, Birton M E, Doppman J L, Rapoport S I, Barranger J A. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability with positron emission tomography and [68Ga]EDTA. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984; 4: 323–328
  • Katzenellenbogen J A, Carlson K E, Heiman D F, Goswami R. Receptor-binding radiopharmaceuticals for imaging breast tumors: Estrogen-receptor interactions and selectivity of tissue up-take of halogenated estrogen analogs. J Nucl Med 1980; 21: 550–558
  • Mintun M A, Welch M J, Siegel B A, Mathias C J, Brodack J W, McGuire A H, Katzenellenbogen J A. Breast cancer: PET imaging of estrogen receptors. Radiology 1988; 169: 45–48
  • Wilson C B, Snook D E, Dhokia B, Taylor C V, Watson I A, Lammertsma A A, Lambrecht R, Waxman J, Jones T, Epenetos A A. Quantitative measurement of monoclonal antibody distribution and blood flow using positron emission tomography and 124iodine in patients with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 344–347
  • Miraldi F. Monoclonal antibodies and neuroblastoma. Semin Nucl Med 1989; 19: 282–294
  • Koh W J, Rasey J S, Evans M L, Grierson J R, Lewellen T K, Graham M M, Krohn K A, Griffin T W. Imaging of hypoxia in human tumors with [F-18]fluoromisonidazole. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 22: 199–212
  • Rasey J S, Koh W, Grierson J R, Grunbaum Z, Krohn K A. Radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as an imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989; 17: 985–992
  • Rasey J S, Nelson N J, Chin L, Evans M L, Grunbaum Z. Characteristics of the binding of labeled fluoromisonidazole in cells in vitro. Radiat Res 1990; 122: 301–308
  • Tsurumi Y, Kameyama M, Ishiwata K, Katakura R, Monma M, Ido T, Suzuki J. 18F-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine (FUdR) as a tracer of nucleic acid metabolism in brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: 110–113
  • Wolf W, Presant C A, Servis K L, EI-Tahtawy A, Albright M J, Barker P B, Ring R, III, Atkinson D, Ong R, King M, Singh M, Ray M, Wiseman C, Blayney D, Shani J. Tumor trapping of 5-fluorouracil: In vivo 19F NMR spectroscopic pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing humans and rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 492–496
  • Yang D, Emran A, Tansey W, Tilbury R, Rasi L, Wright K, Kuang L, Wallace S, Kim E. Radiosynthesis of fluorotamoxifen analogs. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 903, (abstract)
  • Blau M, Ganatra R, Bender M A. F-18 fluoride for bone imaging. Semin Nucl Med 1972; 2: 31–37
  • Reeve J, Arlot M, Wooton R, Edouard C, Tellez M, Hesp R, Green J R, Meunier P J. Skeletal blood flow, iliac histomorphometry, and strontium kinetics in osteoporosis: A relationship between blood flow and correct apposition rate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 1124–1131
  • Charkes N D, Makler P T, Jr., Phillips C. Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. I. Digital computer solution of a five-compartment model of [18F]fluoride kinetics in humans. J Nucl Med 1978; 19: 1301–1309
  • Hawkins R A, Choi Y, Huang S C, Hoh C K, Dahlbom M, Schiepers, Satyamurthy N, Barrio J, Phelps M E. Evaluation of skeletal kinetics of [18F]fluoride ion with PET. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 633–642
  • Hawkins R A, Hoh C, Glaspy J, Yong C, Dahlbom M, Rege S, Messa C, Nietszche E, Hoffman E, Seeger L, Maddahi J, Phelps M E. Role of PET in oncology and other whole body applications. Semin Nucl Med 1992; 22: 268–284
  • Guerrero T M, Hoffman E J, Dahlbom M, Hawkins R A, Phelps M E. Characterization of a whole body imaging technique for PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1990; 37: 676–680
  • Dahlbom M, Hoffman E J, Hoh C K, Schiepers C, Rosenqvist G, Hawkins R A, Phelps M E. Evaluation of a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner for whole body imaging. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1191–1199
  • Minn H, Joensuu H, Ahonen A, Klemi P. Fluorodeoxyglucose imaging: A comparison with DNA flow cytometry in head and neck tumors. Cancer 1988; 61: 1776–1781
  • Minn H, Paul R, Ahonen A. Evaluation of treatment response to radiotherapy in head and neck cancer with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 1521–1525
  • Haberkorn U, Strauss L G, Reisser Ch, Haag D, Dimitrakopoulou A, Ziegler S, Oberdorfer F, Rudat V, Van Kaick G. Glucose uptake, perfusion and cell proliferation in head and neck tumors: Relation of positron emission tomography to flow cytometry. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1548–1555
  • Jabour B A, Choi Y, Hoh C K, Rege S D, Soon J C, Lufkin R B, Hanafee W N, Maddahi J, Chaiken L, Bailet J, Phelps M E, Hawkins R A. PET imaging of the extracranial head and neck using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) with MRI correlation. Radiology 1993; 186: 27–35
  • Wahl R L, Kaminski M S, Ethier S P, Hutchins G D. The potential of 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) for the detection of tumor involvement in lymph nodes. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 1831–1835
  • Chaiken L, Rege S, Hoh C, Choi Y, Jabour B, Juillard G, Hawkins R A, Parker R. Positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate tumor response and control after radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, (in press)
  • Verbeek A LM, Hendriks J H, Holland R, Mravunac M, Sturmans F, Day N E. Reduction of breast cancer mortality through mass screening with modern mammography. Lancet 1984; 1: 1222–1224
  • Chavaudra N, Richard J M, Malaise E P. Labelling index of human squamous cell carcinomas. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro labelling methods. Cell Tissue Kinet 1979; 12: 145–152
  • Blijham G, Schutte B, Reynder M, Wiggers Th, Arends J, Volovics L, Bosman F. Flowcytometric (FCM) determination of ploidy level and life cycle analysis on 297 paraffin embedded colorectal carcinoma specimens. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1985; 4: 22
  • Tubiana M, Pejovic M G, Chavaudra N, Contesso G, Malaise E P. The long-term prognostic significance of the thymidine labelling index in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1984; 33: 441–445
  • Slamon D J, Clark G M, Wong S G, Levin W J, Ullrich A, McGuire W L. Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987; 235: 177–182
  • Slamon D J, Godolphin W, Jones L A, Hold J A, Wong S G, Keith D E, Levin W J, Stuart S G, Udove J, Ullrich A, Press M F. Studies of the HER-2/neu protooncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 1989; 244: 707–712
  • Slamon D J, Press M F, Godolphin W, Ramos L, Haran P, Shek L, Stuart S G, Ullrich A. Studies of the HER-2/neu protooncogene in human breast cancer. Cancer cells 1989; 7: 371
  • Slamon D J. Protooncogenes and human cancers. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 955–957
  • Wahl R L, Cody R L, Hutchins G D, Mudgett E E. Primary and metastatic breast carcinoma: Initial clinical evaluation with PET with the radiolabeled glucose analogue 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology 1991; 179: 765–770
  • Tse N, Hoh C K, Hawkins R A, Dahlbom M, Maddahi J, Phelps M E, Glaspy J A. Application of positron emission tomography with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) to the evaluation of breast masses. Ann Surg 1992; 216: 27–34
  • Wahl R L, Cody R, Zasadny, Hutchins G, Helvie M. Active breast cancer chemohormonotherapy sequentially assessed by FDG PET: Early metabolic decrements precede tumor shrinkage. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 982, (abstract)
  • Goldenberg D M, Larson S M. Radioimmunodetection in cancer identification. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 803–814
  • Rege S D, Hoh C K, Glaspy J A, Aberle D R, Dahlbom M, Razavi M K, Phelps M E, Hawkins R A. Imaging of pulmonary mass lesions with whole body positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose, (submitted)
  • Nolop K B, Rhodes C G, Brudin L H, Beaney R P, Krauz T, Jones T, Hughes J MB. Glucose utilization in vivo by human pulmonary neoplasms. Cancer 1987; 60: 2682–2687
  • Kern K A, Brunetti A, Norton J A, Chang A E, Malawer M, Lack E, Finn R D, Rosenberg S A, Larson S M. Metabolic imaging of human extremity musculoskeletal tumors by PET. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 181–186
  • Minn H, Soini I. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose scintigraphy in diagnosis and follow up of treatment in advanced breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1989; 15: 61–66
  • Adler L P, Blair H F, Makley J T. Noninvasive grading of musculoskeletal tumors using PET. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1508–1512
  • Gold R H, Hawkins R A, Katz R D. Imaging osteomyelitis—From plain films to MRI: A pictorial essay. Am J Roentgenol 1991; 157: 365–370
  • Strauss L G, Clorius H J, Schlag P, Lehner B, Kimming B, Engenhart, Marin-Grez M, Helus F, Oberdorfer F, Schmidlin P, Van Kaick G. Recurrence of colorectal tumors: PET evaluation. Radiology 1989; 170: 329–332
  • Paul R. Comparison of fluorine-18–2-fluorodeoxyglucose and gallium-67 citrate imaging for detection of lymphoma. J Nucl Med 1987; 28: 288–292
  • Haberkorn U, Strauss L G, Knopp M V, Dimitrakopoulou A, Engenhart R, Oberdorfer F, Ostertag H, Romahn J, van Kaick G. PET studies of FDG metabolism in patient with recurrent colorectal tumors receiving radiotherapy. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1485–1490
  • Okazumi S, Isono K, Enomoto K, Kikuchi T, Ozaki M, Yamamoto H, Hayashi H, Asano T, Ryu M. Evaluation of liver tumors using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET: Characterization of tumor and assessment of effect of treatment. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 33–339
  • Harney J V, Wahl R L, Liebert M, Kuhl D E, Hutchins G D, Wedemeyer G, Grossman H B. Uptake of 2-deoxy, 2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose in bladder cancer: Animal localization and initial patient positron emission tomography. J Urol 1991; 145: 279–283

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.