GLIAL TRANSCRIPTS AND IMMUNE-CHALLENGED GLIA IN THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS OF YOUNG AND AGED MICE

REFERENCES

• Abrahamson EE, Moore RY. (2001). Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 916:172–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aujard F, Cayetanot F, Bentivoglio M, Perret M. (2006). Age-related effects on the biological clock and its behavioral output in a primate. Chronobiol. Int. 23:451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aujard F, Cayetanot F, Terrien J, Van Someren EJ. (2007). Attenuated effect of increased wavelength on activity rhythm in the old mouse lemur, a non-human primate. Exp. Gerontol. 42:1079–1087.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antle MC, Silver R. (2005). Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock. Trends Neurosci. 28:145–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaout MA, Gupta SK, Pierce MW, Tenen DG. (1988). Amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit of human leukocyte adhesion receptor Mo1 (complement receptor type 3). J. Cell Biol. 106:2153–2158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austyn JM, Gordon S. (1981). F4/80, a monoclonal antibody directed specifically against the mouse macrophage. Eur. J. Immunol. 11:805–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becquet D, Giradet C, Guillaumond F, François-Bellan A-M, Bosler O. (2008). Ultrastructural plasticity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Possible involvement in clock entrainment. Glia 56:294–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentivoglio M, Deng X-H, Nygård M, Sadki A, Kristensson K. (2006). The aging suprachiasmatic nucleus and cytokines: functional, molecular, and cellular changes in rodents. Chronobiol. Int. 23:437–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentivoglio M, Kristensson K. (2007). Neural-immune interactions in disorders of sleep-wakefulness organization. Trends Neurosci. 30:645–652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodles AM, Barger SW. (2004). Cytokines and the aging brain—what we don't know might help us. Trends Neurosci. 27:621–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler MP, Silver R. (2009) Basis of robustness and resilience in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: individual neurons form nodes in circuits that cycle daily. J. Biol. Rhythms 24:340–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cajochen C, Münch M, Knoblauch V, Blatter K, Wirz-Justice A. (2006). Age-related changes in the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep. Chronobiol. Int. 23:461–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chianella S, Semprevivo M, Peng Z-C, Zaccheo D, Bentivoglio M, Grassi-Zucconi G. (1999). Microglia activation in a model of sleep disorder: an immunohistochemical study in the rat brain during Trypanosoma brucei infection. Brain Res. 832:54–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coogan AN, Wyse CA. (2008). Neuroimmunology of the circadian clock. Brain Res. 1232:104–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde JR, Streit WJ. (2006). Microglia in the aging brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 65:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbi AL, Kishimoto TK, Miller LJ, Springer TA. (1988). The human leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein Mac-1 (complement receptor type 3, CD11b) alpha subunit. Cloning, primary structure, and relation to the integrins, von Willebrand factor and factor B. J. Biol. Chem. 263:12403–12411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davoust N, Vuaillat C, Androdias G, Nataf S. (2008). From bone marrow to microglia: barriers and avenues. Trends Immunol. 29:227–234.
   Google Scholar
• Deng X-H, Bertini G, Xu Y-Z, Yan Z, Bentivoglio M. (2006). Cytokine-induced activation of glial cells in the mouse brain is enhanced at an advanced age. Neuroscience 141:645–661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dilger RN, Johnson RW. (2008). Aging, microglial cell priming, and the discordant central inflammatory response to signals from the peripheral immune system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 84:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duguay D, Cermakian N. (2009). The crosstalk between physiology and circadian clock proteins. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1479–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erschler WB. (1998). Biomarkers of aging: immunological events. Exp. Gerontol. 23:387–389.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin KBJ, Paxinos G. (1997). The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Academic Press, San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• Gerics B, Szalay F, Hajós F. (2006). Glial fibrilary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: circadian changes and their seasonal dependence. J. Anat. 209:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goss JR, Finch CE, Morgan DG. (1991). Age-related changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA in the mouse brain. Neurobiol. Aging 12:165–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanisch U-K. (2002). Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 40:140–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanisch U-K, Kettenmann H. (2007). Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat. Neurosci. 10:1387–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Iijima N, Munekawa K, Ishihara A, Ibata Y, Tanaka M. (2003). Functional retinal input stimulates expression of astroglial elements in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of postnatal developing rat. Neurosci. Res. 47:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jucker M, Ingram DK. (1997). Murine models of brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Behav. Brain Res. 85:1–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalehua AN, Taub DD, Baskar PV, Hengemihle J, Muñoz J, Trambadia M., Speer DL, De Simoni MG, Ingram DK. (2000). Aged mice exhibit greater mortality concomitant to increased brain and plasma TNF-α levels following intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide. Gerontology 46:115–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong GY, Kristensson K, Bentivoglio M. (2002). Reaction of mouse brain oligodendrocytes and their precursors, astrocytes and microglia, to proinflammatory mediators circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid. Glia 37:191–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer A, Yang F-C, Kraves S, Weitz CJ. (2005). A screen for secreted factors of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Methods Enzymol. 393:645–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak Y, Lundkvist GB, Brask J, Davidson A, Menaker M, Kristensson K, Block GD. (2008). Interferon-γ alters electrical activity and clock gene expression in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J. Biol. Rhythms 23:150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavialle M, Begue A, Papillon C, Vilaplana J. (2001). Modifications of retinal afferent activity induce changes in astroglial plasticity in the hamster circadian clock. Glia 34:88–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavialle M, Servière J. (1993). Circadian fluctuations in GFAP distribution in the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroreport 4:1243–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavialle M, Servière J. (1995). Developmental study in the circadian clock of the golden hamster: a putative role of astrocytes. Dev. Brain Res. 86:275–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawson LJ, Perry VH, Dri P, Gordon S. (1990). Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neuroscience 39:151–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C-K, Weindruch R, Prolla TA. (2000). Gene expression profile of the ageing brain in mice. Nature 25:294–297.
   Google Scholar
• Leone MJ, Marpegán L, Bekinschtein TA, Costas MA, Golombek DA. (2006). Suprachiasmatic astrocytes as an interface for immune-circadian signalling. J. Neurosci. Res. 84:1521–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Sankrithi N, Davis FC. (2002). Transforming growth factor-α is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks. NeuroReport 13:2143–2147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindley J, Deurveilher S, Rusak B, Semba K. (2008). Transforming growth factor-α and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hamster circadian system: daily profile and cellular localization. Brain Res. 1197:94–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25:402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundkvist GB, Hill RH, Kristensson K. (2002). Disruption of circadian rhythms in synaptic activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei by African trypanosomes and cytokines. Neurobiol. Dis. 11:20–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundkvist GB, Robertson B, Mhlanga JD, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K. (1998). Expression of an oscillating interferon-gamma receptor in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. NeuroReport 9:1059–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeira MD, Sousa N, Santer RM, Paula-Barbosa MM, Gundersen HJ. (1995). Age and sex do not affect the volume, cell numbers, or cell size of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an unbiased stereological study. J. Comp. Neurol. 361:585–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marpegán L, Bekinschtein TA, Costas MA, Golombek DA. (2005). Circadian responses to endotoxin treatment in mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 160:102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marpegán L, Bekinschtein TA, Freudenthal R, Rubio MF, Ferreyra GA, Romano A, Golombek DA. (2004). Participation of transcription factors from the Rel/NF-κB family in the circadian system in hamsters. Neurosci. Lett. 308:9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Moore RY, Speh JC, Leak RK. (2002). Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Cell Tissue Res. 309:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TE, Xie Z, Goldsmith S, Yoshida T, Lanzrein AS, Stone D, Rozovsky I, Perry G, Smith MA, Finch CE. (1999). The mosaic of brain glial hyperactivity during normal ageing and its attenuation by food restriction. Neuroscience 89:687–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin LP. (2007). SCN organization reconsidered. J. Biol. Rhythms 22:3–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morin LP, Allen CN. (2006). The circadian visual system, 2005. Brain Res. Rev. 51:1–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morin LP, Johnson RF, Moore RY. (1989). Two brain nuclei controlling circadian rhythms are identified by GFAP immunoreactivity in hamsters and rats. Neurosci. Lett. 99:55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin LP, Shivers K-Y, Blanchard JH, Muscat L. (2006). Complex organization of mouse and rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 137:1285–1297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moriya T, Yoshinobu Y, Kouzu Y, Katoh A, Gomi H, Ikeda M, Yoshioka T, Itohara S, Shibata S. (2000). Involvement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressed in astroglial cells in circadian rhythm under constant lighting conditions in mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 60:212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munekawa K, Tamada Y, Iijima N, Hayashi S, Ishihara A, Inoue K, Tanaka M, Ibata Y. (2000). Development of astroglial elements in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat with special reference to the involvement of the optic nerve. Exp. Neurol. 166:44–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nava F, Carta G, Haynes LW. (2000). Lipopolysaccharide increases arginine-vasopressin release from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus slice cultures. Neurosci. Lett. 288:228–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nygård M, Lundkvist GB, Hill RH, Kristensson K. (2009). Rapid nitric oxide-dependent effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal activity. Neuroreport 20:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohdo S, Koyanagi S, Suyama H, Higuchi S, Aramaki S. (2001). Changing the dosing schedule minimizes the disruptive effects of interferon on clock function. Nat. Med. 7:356–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomba M, Bentivoglio M. (2008). Chronic inflammation affects the photic response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neuroimmunol. 193:24–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry VH, Hume DA, Gordon S. (1985). Immunohistochemical localisation of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience 15:313–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters A, Verderosa A, Sethares C. (2008). The neuroglial population in the primary visual cortex of the aging rhesus monkey. Glia 56:1151–1161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Touitou Y, Smolensky MH. (2008). Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research. Chronobiol. Int. 25:999–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz PN. (2004). Age impairments in sleep, metabolic and immune functions. Exp. Gerontol. 39:1739–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prolo LM, Takahashi JS, Herzog ED. (2005). Circadian rhythm generation and entrainment in astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 25:404–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser RA, Dale EM, Heller HC, Miller JD. (1994). A possible glial role in the mammalian circadian clock. Brain Res. 643:296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raivich G, Banati R. (2004). Brain microglia and blood-derived macrophages: molecular profiles and functional roles in multiple sclerosis and animal models of autoimmune demyelinating disease. Brain Res. Rev. 46:261–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raivich G, Bohatschek M, Kloss CUA, Werner A, Jones LL, Kreutzberg GW. (1999). Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function. Brain Res. Rev. 30:77–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson B, Kong G-Y, Peng Z-C, Bentivoglio M, Kristensson K. (2000). Interferon-γ-responsive neuronal sites in the normal rat brain: receptor protein distribution and cell activation revealed by Fos induction. Brain Res. Bull. 52:61–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rotshenker S. (2003). Microglia and macrophage activation and the regulation of complement-receptor-3 (CR3/MAC-1)-mediated myelin phagocytosis in injury and disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 21:65–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadki A, Bentivoglio M, Kristensson K, Nygård M. (2007). Suppressors, receptors and effects of cytokines on the aging mouse biological clock. Neurobiol. Aging 28:296–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saper CB, Lu J, Chou TC, Gooley J. (2005). The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms. Trends Neurosci. 28:152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satriotomo I, Miki T, Gonzalez D, Matsumoto Y, Li HP, Gu H, Takeuchi Y. (2004). Excessive testosterone treatment and castration induce reactive astrocytes and fos immunoreactivity in suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice. Brain Res. 1020:130–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saurwein-Teissl M, Blasko I, Zisterer K, Neuman B, Lang B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. (2000). An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, a characteristic feature of old age. Cytokine 12:1160–1161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver R, Schwartz WJ. (2005). The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a functionally heterogeneous timekeeping organ. Methods Enzymol. 3993:451–465.
   Google Scholar
• Soulet D, Rivest S. (2008) Microglia. Curr. Biol. 18:R506–R508.
   Google Scholar
• Stichel CC, Luebbert H. (2007). Inflammatory processes in the aging mouse brain: participation of dendritic cells and T-cells. Neurobiol. Aging 28:1507–1521.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamada Y, Tanaka M, Munekawa K, Hayashi S, Okamura H, Kubo T, Hisa Y, Ibata Y. (1998). Neuron-glia interaction in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 45:281–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrien J, Zizzari P, Epelbaum J, Perret M, Aujard F. (2009). Daily rhythms of core temperature and locomotor activity indicate different adaptive strategies to cold exposure in adult and aged mouse lemurs acclimated to a summer-like photoperiod. Chronobiol. Int. 26:838–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukahara S, Tanaka S, Ishida K, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H. (2005). Age-related change and its sex differences in histoarchitecture of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of F344/N rats. Exp. Gerontol. 40:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turturro A, Duffy P, Hass B, Kodell R, Hart R. (2002). Survival characteristics and age-adjusted disease incidences in C57BL/6 mice fed a commonly used cereal-based diet modulated by dietary restriction. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 57:379–389.
   Google Scholar
• Valentinuzzi VS, Scarbrough K, Takahashi JS, Turek FW. (1997). Effects of aging on the circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity in C57BL/6 mice. Am. J. Physiol. 273:R1957–R1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Pol AN. (1980). The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: intrinsic anatomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 191:661–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Pol AN, Finkbeiner SM, Cornell-Bell AH. (1992). Calcium excitability and oscillations in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons and glia in vitro. J. Neurosci. 12:2648–2664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esseveldt LKE, Lehman MN, Boer GJ. (2000). The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time-keeping system revisited. Brain Res. Rev. 33:34–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Someren EJ. Circadian and sleep disturbances in the elderly. (2000). Exp. Gerontol. 35:1229–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert D. (2000). Age-dependent changes of the circadian system. Chronobiol. Int. 17:261–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West MJ. (1993). New stereological methods for counting neurons. Neurobiol. Aging 14:275–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West MJ, Slomianka L, Gundersen HJ. (1991). Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Anat. Rec. 231:482–497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu Y-H, Swaab DF. (2007). Disturbance and strategies for reactivation of the circadian rhythm system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Med. 8:623–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar