Publication Cover
Chronobiology International
The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research
Volume 29, 2012 - Issue 9
9,368
Views
838
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Paper

Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review

, , , , &
Pages 1153-1175 | Received 28 Jun 2012, Accepted 24 Jul 2012, Published online: 24 Sep 2012

REFERENCES

  • Achari KV, Pati AK. (2007). Morningness–eveningness preference in Indian school students as function of gender, age, and habitat. Biol. Rhythm Res. 38:1–8.
  • Adan A. (1991). Influence of morningness–eveningness preference in the relationship between body temperature and performance: a diurnal study. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 12:1159–1169.
  • Adan A. (1993). Circadian variations in psychological measures: a new classification. Chronobiologia 20:145–162.
  • Adan A. (1994). Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants. Addiction 89: 455–462.
  • Adan A. (2012). A chronobiological approach to addiction. J. Subs. Use (in press).
  • Adan A, Almirall H. (1991). Horne and Östberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire: a reduced scale. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 12:241–253.
  • Adan A, Natale V. (2002). Gender differences in morningness–eveningness preference. Chronobiol. Int. 19:709–720.
  • Adan A, Sánchez-Turet M. (1995). Smoking effects on diurnal variations of cardiovascular parameters. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 20:189–198.
  • Adan A, Sánchez-Turet M. (2000). Effects of smoking on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 15:287–293.
  • Adan A, Sánchez-Turet M. (2001). Gender differences in diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood. Chronobiol. Int. 18:491–502.
  • Adan A, Prat G, Sánchez-Turet M. (2004). Effects of nicotine dependence on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood. Addiction 98:1599–1607.
  • Adan A, Natale V, Caci H. (2008). Cognitive strategies and circadian typology. In Léglise AL (Ed.). Progress in circadian rhythms research. Nova Biomedical Books. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., pp. 141–161.
  • Adan A, Lachica J, Caci H, Natale V. (2010a). Circadian typology and temperament and character personality dimensions. Chronobiol. Int. 27:181–193.
  • Adan A, Natale V, Caci H, Prat G. (2010b). Relationship between circadian typology and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Chronobiol. Int. 27:606–619.
  • Akerstedt T (2003). Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup. Med. (Lond) 53:89–94.
  • Andershed K-A. (2005). In sync with adolescence: the role of morningness–eveningness in adolescence. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Anderson MJ, Petros TV, Beckwith BE, Mitchell WW, Fritz S. (1991). Individual differences in the effect of time of day on ling term memory access. Am. J. Psychol. 104:241–255.
  • Andretic R, Franken P, Tafti M. (2008). Genetics of sleep. Annu. Rev. Genet. 42: 361–388.
  • Archer SN, Robilliard D, Skene DJ, Smits MG, Williams A, Arendt J, von Schantz M. (2003). A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 26:413–415.
  • Archer SN, Viola AU, Kyriakopoulou V, von Schantz M, Dijk DJ. (2008). Inter-individual differences in habitual sleep timing and entrained phase of endogenous circadian rhythms of BMAL1, PER2 and PER3 mRNA in human leukocytes. Sleep 31:608–617.
  • Archer SN, Carpen JD, Gibson M, Lim GH, Johnston JD, Skene DJ, von Schantz M. (2010). Polymorphism in the PER3 promoter associates with diurnal preference and delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep 33:695–701.
  • Arendt J. (2006). Melatonin and human rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 23:21–37.
  • Arendt J. (2009). Managing jet lag: Some of the problems and possible new solutions. Sleep Med. Rev. 13:249–256.
  • Aziz S, Jackson CJ. (2001). A comparison between three and five factor models of Pakistani personality data. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 31:1311–1319.
  • Baehr E, Revelle W, Eastman CI. (2000). Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness–eveningness. J. Sleep Res. 9;117–127.
  • Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM. (1991). Morningness–eveningness and early morning salivary cortisol levels. Biol. Psychol. 32:181–192.
  • Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM. (2001). Circadian rhythmicity of cortisol and body temperature: Morningness–eveningness effects. Chronobiol. Int. 18:249–261.
  • Barclay NL, Eley TC, Buysse DJ, Archer SN, Gregory AM. (2010). Diurnal preference and sleep quality: same genes? A study of young adult twins. Chronobiol. Int. 27:278–296.
  • Barclay NL, Eley TC, Mill J, Wong CC, Zavos HM, Archer SN, Gregory AM. (2011). Sleep quality and diurnal preference in a sample of young adults: associations with 5HTTLPR, PER3, and CLOCK 3111. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 156B:681–690.
  • Benedetti F, Barbini B, Colombo C, Smeraldi E. (2007). Chronotherapeutics in a psychiatric ward. Sleep Med Rev. 11:509–522.
  • Benloucif S, Guico MJ, Reid KJ, Wolfe LF, L'Hermitage-Baleriaux M, Zee PC. (2005). Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relation to sleep in humans. J. Biol. Rhythms 20:178–188.
  • Besoluk S, Önder I, Deveci I. (2011). Morningness–eveningness preferences and academic achievement of university students. Chronobiol. Int. 28:118–125.
  • Biss RK, Hasher L. (2012). Happy as a lark: morning-type younger and older adults are higher in positive affect. Emotion 12:437–441.
  • Blatter K, Cajochen C. (2007). Circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: methodological constrains, protocols, theoretical underpinnings. Physiol. Behav. 90:196–208.
  • Bohle P, Tilley AJ, Brown S. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the Early/Late Preferences Scale. Ergonomics 44:887–900.
  • Borbely A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol. 1:195–204.
  • Borisenkov MF, Perminova EV, Kosova AL. (2010). Chronotype, sleep length, and school achievement of 11- to 23-year-old students in northern European Russia. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1259–1270.
  • Borisenkov MF, Perminova EV, Kosova AL. (2012). Impact of perinatal photoperiod on the chronotype of 11- to 18-years-olds in northern European Russia. Chronobiol. Int. 29:305–310.
  • Caci H, Nadalet L, Staccini P, Myquel M, Boyer P. (1999). Psychometric properties of the French version of the Composite Scale of Morningness in adults. Eur. Psychiatr. 14:284–290.
  • Caci H, Robert P, Boyer, P. (2004). Novelty seekers and impulsive subjects are low in morningness. Eur. Psychiatr. 19:79–84.
  • Caci H, Adan A, Bohle P, Natale V, Pornpitakpan C, Tilley A. (2005a). Transcultural properties of the composite scale of morningness: the relevance of the “morning affect” factor. Chronobiol. Int. 22:523–540.
  • Caci H, Mattei V, Bayle FJ, Nadalet L, Dossios C, Robert P, Boyer P. (2005b). Impulsivity but not venturesomeness is related to morningness. Psychiatr. Res. 134:259–265.
  • Caci H, Deschaux O, Adan A, Natale V. (2009). Comparing three morningness scales: age and gender effects, structure and cut-off criteria. Sleep Med. 10:240–245.
  • Carpen JD, Archer SN, Skene DJ, Smits M, von Schantz M. (2005). A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5’-untranslated region of the hPER2 gene is associated with diurnal preference. J. Sleep Res. 14:293–297.
  • Carpen JD, von Schantz M, Smits M, Skene DJ, Archer SN (2006). A silent polymorphism in the PER1 gene associates with extreme diurnal preference in humans. J. Hum. Genet. 51:1122–1125.
  • de Castro JM. (2004). The time of day of food intake influences overall intake in humans. J. Nutr. 134:104–111.
  • Cavallera GM, Giudici S. (2008). Morningness and eveningness personality: a survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 44:3–21.
  • Cavallera GM, Boari G, Giudici S, Ortolano A. (2011). Cognitive parameters and morning and evening types: two decades of research (1990–2099). Percept. Mot. Skills 112: 649–665.
  • Chang AM, Buch AM, Bradstreet DS, Klements DJ, Duffy JF. (2011). Human diurnal preference and circadian rhythmicity are not associated with the CLOCK 3111C/T gene polymorphism. J. Biol. Rhythms 26:276–279.
  • Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros T, Plaud JJ. (1997). Horne and Östberg questionnaire: a score distribution in a large sample of young adults. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 23:647–652.
  • Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros T, Plaud JJ. (1999). An analysis of the “eveningness–morningness” dimension in “depressive” college students. J. Affect. Disord. 52:19–29.
  • Chelminski I, Petros T, Plaud JJ, Ferraro FR. (2000). Psychometric properties of the reduced Horne and Östberg. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 29:469–478.
  • Ciarkowska W. (1997). Time of day effect on logical reasoning and heart rate change. Stud. Psychol. 35:141–163.
  • Clarisse R, Le Floc'h N, Kindelberger C, Feunteun P. (2010). Daily rhythmicity of attention in morning- vs. evening-type adolescents at boarding school under different psychosociological testing conditions. Chronobiol. Int. 27:826–841.
  • Cloninger CR. (1994). Temperament and personality. Curr. Biol. 4:266–273.
  • Colquhoun WP. (1971). Biological rhythms and human performance. London: Academic Press.
  • Conroy DA, Hairston IS, Arnedt JT, Hoffmann RF, Armitage R, Brower KJ. (2012). Dim light melatonin onset in alcohol-dependent men and women compared with healthy controls. Cronobiol. Int. 29:35–42.
  • Corbera X, Grau C. (1993). Diurnal type and hemispheric asymmetry. Cortex 29:519–528.
  • Costa PT, McCrae RR. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Drennan MD, Klauber MR, Kripke DF, Goyette LM. (1991). The effects of depression and age on the Horne–Ostberg morningness–eveningness score. J. Affect. Disord. 23:93–98.
  • Danel T, Touitou Y. (2004). Chronobiology of alcohol: from chronokinetics to alcohol-related alterations of the circadian system. Chronobiol. Int. 21:923–935.
  • Díaz-Morales JF. (2007). Morning and evening-types: exploring their personality styles. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 43:769–778.
  • Díaz-Morales JF, Ferrari JR, Cohen JR. (2008). Indecision and avoidant procrastination: the role of morningness-eveningness and time perspective in chronic delay lifestyles. J. General. Psychol. 135:228–240.
  • Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. (2010). The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 17:517–549.
  • Dijk DJ, Archer SN. (2009). PERIOD3, circadian phenotypes, and sleep homeostasis. Sleep Med. Rev. 14:151–160.
  • Di Milia L. (2005). A psychometric evaluation and validation of the Preferences Scale Chronobiol. Int. 22:679–693.
  • Di Milia L, Bohle, P. (2009). Morningness or morning affect? A short composite scale of morningness. Chronobiol. Int. 26:494–509.
  • Di Milia L, Muller H. (2012). Does impression management impact the relationship between morningness–eveningness and self-rated sleepiness? Pers. Indiv. Differ. 36:1953–1964.
  • Di Milia L, Smith PA, Folkard S. (2004). Refining the psychometric properties of the circadian type inventory. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 36:1953–1964.
  • Di Milia L, Smith PA, Folkard S. (2005). A validation of the revised circadian type inventory in a working sample. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 39:1293–1305.
  • Di Milia L, Wikman R, Smith P. (2008). Additional psychometric evidence and construct validity for a revised Preferences Scale of Morningness. Chronobiol. Int. 25:776–787.
  • Dockray S, Steptoe A. (2011). Chronotype and diurnal cortisol profile in working women: differences between work and leisure days. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36:649–655.
  • Duffy JF, Dijk DJ, Hall EF, Czeisler CA. (1999). Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J. Invest. Med. 47:141–150.
  • Duffy JF, Rimmer DW, Czeisler CA. (2001). Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness–eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase. Behav. Neurosci. 115:895–899.
  • Duffy JF, Cain SW, Chang AM, Phillips KJ, Münch MY, Gronfier C, Wyatt JK, Dijk DK, Wright KP, Czeisler CA. (2011). Sex differences in the near-24-hours intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108;15602–15608.
  • Eastman CI, Burgess H. (2009). How to travel the world without jet lag. Sleep Med. Rev. 4:241–255.
  • Ebisawa T, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N, Mishima K, Kamei Y, Katoh M, Watanabe T, Sekimoto M, Shibui K, Kim K, Kudo Y, Ozeki Y, Sugishita M, Toyoshima R, Inoue Y, Yamada N, Nagase T, Ozaki N, Ohara O, Ishida N, Okawa M, Takahashi K, Yamauchi T. (2001). Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. EMBO Rep. 2:342–346.
  • Elmore SK, Dahl K, Avery DH, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL. (1993). Body temperature and diurnal type in women with seasonal affective disorder. Health Care Women Int. 14:17–26.
  • Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 6:21–29.
  • Fabbri M, Antonietti A, Gioirgetti M, Tonetti L, Natale V. (2007). Circadian typology and style of thinking differences. Learn. Indiv. Diff. 17:175–180.
  • Fabbri M, Mencarelli C, Adan A, Natale V. (2012) Time of day and circadian typology on memory retrieval. Biol. Rhythm Res (in press).
  • Fan J, Posner M. (2004). Human attentional networks. Psychiatr. Prax. 31:S210–S214.
  • Fan J, MccCandliss BD, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner MI. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14:340–347.
  • Flower DJC, Irvine D, Folkard S. (2003). Perception and predictability of travel fatigue after long-haul flights: a retrospective study. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 74:173–179.
  • Folkard S. (1990). Circadian performance rhythms: some practical and theoretical implications. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 327:543–553.
  • Folkard S, Monk TH, Lobban MC. (1979). Towards a predictive test of adjustment to shift work. Ergonomics 22:79–91.
  • Franken P, Dijk DJ. (2009). Circadian clock genes and sleep homeostasis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29:1820–1829.
  • Furnham A, Hughes K. (1999). Individual difference correlates of nightwork and shift-work rotation. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 26:830–848.
  • Gaina A, Sekine M, Kanayama H, Takashi Y, Hu L, Sengoku K, Kagamimori S. (2006). Morning–evening preference: Sleep pattern spectrum and lifestyle habits among Japanese junior high school pupils. Chronobiol. Int. 23:607–621.
  • Gaina A, Sekine M, Kakayama H, Takashi Y, Hu L, Sengoku K, Kagamimori S. (2011). Morning–evening preference: sleep pattern espectrum and lifestyle habits among Japanese junior high school pupils. Chronobiol. Int. 23:607–621.
  • Gale C, Martyn C. (1998). Larks and owls and health, wealth and wisdom. Brit. Med. J. 317:1675–1677.
  • Gamble KL, Motsinger-Reif AA, Hida A, Borsetti HM, Servick SV, Ciarleglio CM, Robbins S, Hicks J, Carver K, Hamilton N, Wells N, Summar NK, McMahon DG, Johnson CH. (2011). Shift work in nurses: contribution of phenotypes and genotypes to adaptation. PLoS One 6:e18395.
  • Gau SS, Soong WT. (2003). The transition of sleep–wake patterns in early adolescence. Sleep 26:449–454.
  • Gau SS, Shang CY, Merikangas KR, Chiu YN, Soong WT, Cheng AT (2007). Association between morningness–eveningness and behavioral/emotional problems among adolescents. J. Biol. Rhythms 22:268–274.
  • Giampietro M, Cavallera G. (2007). Morning and evening types and creative thinking. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 42:453–463.
  • Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sebastiani T, Ottaviano S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. J. Sleep Res. 11:191–199.
  • Gibertini M, Graham C, Cook MR. (1999). Self-report of circadian type reflects the phase of the melatonin rhythm. Biol. Psychol. 50:19–33.
  • Giglio LM, Magalhães PV, Andersen ML, Walz JC, Jakobson L, Kapczinski F. (2010). Circadian preference in bipolar disorder. Sleep Breath. 14:153–155.
  • Gillooly PB, Smolensky MH, Albright DL, Hsi B, Thorne DR. (1990). Circadian variation in human performance evaluated by Walter Reed Performance Assessment Battery. Chronobiol. Int. 7:143–153.
  • Gómez-Abellán P, Madrid JA, Ordovás JC, Garauleta M. (2012). Chronobiological aspects of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol. Nutr. 59:50–61.
  • Gray EK, Watson D. (2002). General and specific traits of personality and their relationship to sleep and academic performance. J. Pers. 70:177–206.
  • Griefahn B, Robens S. (2008). The cortisol awakening response: a pilot study on the effects of shift work, morningness and sleep duration. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33:981–988.
  • Griefahn B, Künemund C, Golka K, Their R, Degen G. (2002). Melatonin synthesis: a possible indicator of intolerance to shift work. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:427–436.
  • Groeger JA, Zijlstra FR, Dijk DJ. (2004). Sleep quantity, sleep difficulties and their perceived consequences in a representative sample of some 2000 British adults. J. Sleep Res. 13:359–371.
  • Groeger JA, Viola AU, Lo JC, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Dijk DJ. (2008). Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism. Sleep 31:1159–1167.
  • Guerrien A, Leconte-Lambert C, Leconte L. (1993). Time of day effects on attention and memory efficiency: is the chronopsychology a method for studying the functioning of the human subjects? Psychol. Belg. 33:159–170.
  • Gupta S, Pati AK. (1994). Characteristics of circadian rhythm in six variables of morning active and evening active healthy human subjects. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 38:101–107.
  • Guthrie JP, Ash RA, Bendapudi V. (1995). Additional validity evidence for a measure of morningness. J. App. Psych. 80:186–190.
  • Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA. (2009). Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev. Neurosci. 31:276–284.
  • Harada T, Kobayashi R, Wada K, Nishihara R, Kondo A, Akimitsi O, Noji T, Taniwaki N, Nakade M, Krejci M, Takeuchi H. (2011). Effects of birth season on circadian typology appearing in Japanese young children aged 2 to 12 years disappears in older students aged 18 to 25 years. Chronobiol. Int. 28:638–642.
  • Hasan S, Santhi N, Lazar AS, Slak A, Lo J, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Johnston JD, Dijk DJ. (2012). Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real-time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin. Faseb J. 26:2414–2423.
  • Hasher L, Chung C, May CP, Foong N. (2002). Age, time of testing, and proactive interference. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 56:200–207.
  • Hasler BP, Germain A, Nofzinger EA, Kupfer DJ, Krafty RT, Rothenberger SD, James JA, Bi W, Buysse DJ. (2012). Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res. (in press)
  • Hidalgo MP, Zanette CB, Pedrotti M, Souza CM, Nunes PV, Chaves ML. (2004). Performance of chronotypes on memory tests during the morning and the evening shifts. Psychol. Rep. 95:75–85.
  • Hidalgo MP, Caumo W, Posser M, Coccaro SB, Camozzato AL, Chaves ML. (2009). Relationship between depressive mood and chronotype in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 63:283–290.
  • Hogben AL, Ellis J, Archer SN, von Schantz, M. (2007). Conscientiousness is a predictor of diurnal preference. Chronobiol. Int. 24:1249–1254.
  • Horne JA, Östberg O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness–eveningness in human circadian systems. Int. J. Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
  • Horne JA, Brass CG, Petitt AN. (1980). Circadian performance differences between morning and evening “types”. Ergonomics 23:29–36.
  • Hornik J, Miniero G. (2009). Synchrony effects on customers' responses and behaviors. Int. J. Res. Mark. 26:34–40.
  • Hsu CY, Gau SS-F, Shang C-Y, Chiu Y-N, Lee M-B. (2012). Associations between chronotypes, psychopathology, and personality among incoming college students. Chronobiol. Int. 29:491–501.
  • Huang M-C, Ho C-W, Chen C-H, Liu S-H, Chen C-C, Leu SJ. (2010). Reduced expression of circadian clock genes in male alcoholic patients. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34:1899–1904.
  • Intons-Peterson MJ, Rocchi P, West T. McLellan K, Hackney A. (1998). Aging, optimal testing times, and negative priming. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24:362–376.
  • Intons-Peterson MJ, Rocchi P, West T. McLellan K, Hackney A. (1999). Aging, testing at preferred or non preferred times (testing optimality), and false memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 25:23–40.
  • Iskra-Golec I, Smith L. (2006). Ultradian and asymmetric rhythms of hemispheric processing speed. Chronobiol. Int. 23:1229–1239.
  • Jackson LA, Gerard DA. (1996). Diurnal types, the “big five” personality factors, and other personal characteristics. J. Soc. Behav. Person. 11:273–284.
  • Jamieson AO, Zammit GK, Rosenberg RS, Davis JR, Walsh JK. (2001). Zolpidem reduces the sleep disturbance of jet lag. Sleep Med. 2:423–430.
  • Jankowski S. (2012). Morningness/eveningness and satisfaction with life in a Polish sample. Chronobiol. Int. 29:780–785.
  • Jenkins A, Archer SN, von Schantz M. (2005). Expansion during primate radiation of a variable number tandem repeat in the coding region of the circadian clock gene period3. J. Biol. Rhythms 20:470–472.
  • Johansson C, Willeit M, Smedh C, Ekholm J, Paunio T, Kieseppa T, Lichtermann D. N. Praschak-Rieder, A. Neumeister, L. Nilsson G, Kasper S, Peltonen L, Adolfsson R, Schalling M, Partonen T. (2003). Circadian clock-related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:734–739.
  • Jones KH, Ellis J, von Schantz M, Skene DJ, Dijk DJ, Archer SN. (2007). Age-related change in the association between a polymorphism in the PER3 gene and preferred timing of sleep and waking activities. J. Sleep Res. 16:12–16.
  • Juda M. (2010). The importance of chronotype in shift work research. Institute for Medical Psychology, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Unpublished doctoral thesis.
  • Kaliterna, L., Vidacek, S., Prizmic, Z., & Radosevic-Viadacek, B. (1995). Is tolerance to shiftwork predictable from individual difference measures. Work Stress 9:140–147.
  • Kanazawa S, Perina K. (2009). Why night owls are more intelligent. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 47:685–690.
  • Katzenberg D, Young T, Finn L, Lin L, King DP, Takahashi JS, Mignot M. (1998). A CLOCK polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep 21:569–576.
  • Kerkhof GA, Van Dongen HPA. (1996). Morning-type and evening-type individuals differ in the phase position of their endogenous circadian oscillator. Neurosci. Lett. 218:153–156.
  • Khaleque A. (1999). Sleep deficiency and quality of life of shift workers. Soc. Indic. Res. 46:181–189.
  • Killgore WDS, Killgore DB. (2007). Morningness–eveningness correlates with verbal ability in women but not in men. Percept. Mot. Skills 104:335–338.
  • Klei L, Reitz P, Miller M, Wood J, Maendel S, Gross D, Waldner T, Eaton J, Monk TH, Nimgoankor VL. (2005). Heritability of morningness-eveningness and self-report sleep measures in a family based sample of 521 hutterites. Chronobiol. Int. 22:1041–1054.
  • Kim S, Dueker GL, Hasher L, Goldstein D. (2002). Children's time of day preference: age, gender, and ethnic differences. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 33:1083–1090.
  • Kim SJ, Lee YJ, Kim H, Cho IH, Lee JY, Cho SJ. (2010). Age as a moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and morningness–eveningness. J. Psychosom. Res. 68:159–164.
  • Kitamura S, Hida A, Watanabe MK, Enomoto M, Aritake-Okada S, Riguchi YM, Kamei Y, Mishima K. (2010). Evening preference is related to the incidence of depressive states independent of sleep–wake conditions. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1797–1812.
  • Kleitman N. (1963). Sleep and wakefulness. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Klerman EB, Dijk DJ (2008). Age-related reduction in the maximal capacity for sleep – implications for insomnia. Curr. Biol. 18:1118–1123.
  • Ko CH, Takahashi JS. (2006). Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15:R271–277.
  • Koskenvuo M, Hublin C, Partinen M, Heikkila K, Kaprio J. (2007). Heritability of diurnal type: a nationwide study of 8753 adult twin pairs. J. Sleep Res. 16:156–162.
  • Kripke DF. (1984). Critical interval hypotheses for depression. Chronobiol. Int. 1:73–80.
  • Kudielka BM, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S. (2006). Morningness and eveningness: the free cortisol rise after awakening in “early birds” and “night owls”. Biol. Psychol. 72:141–146.
  • Laird DA. (1925). Relative performance of college students as conditioned by time of day on day week. J. Exp. Psychol. 3:50–63.
  • Langford C, Glendon A. (2002). Effects of neuroticism, extraversion, circadian type and age on reported driver stress. Work Stress 16:316–334.
  • Larsen RJ. (1985). Individual differences in circadian activity rhythm and personality. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 6:305–311.
  • Lavie P, Segal S. (1989). Twenty four hour structure of sleepiness in morning and evening person investigated by ultrashort sleep–wake paradigm. Sleep 21:522–528.
  • Lawson EA, Miller KK, Blum JI, Meenaghan E, Misra M, Eddy KT, Herzog DB, Klibanski A. (2012). Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin. Endocrinol. 76:520–525.
  • Lázár AS, Slak A, Lo JC-Y, Santhi N, von Schantz M, Archer SN, Groeger JA, Dijk DJ. (2012). Sleep, diurnal preference, health, and psychological well-being: a prospective single-allelic-variation study. Chronobiol. Int. 29:131–146.
  • Lee KY, Song JY, Kim SH, Kim SC, Joo EJ, Ahn YM, Kim YS. (2010). Association between CLOCK 3111T/C and preferred circadian phase in Korean patients with bipolar disorder. Prog. Neuro-Psych. Biol. Psych. 34:1196–1201.
  • Lee HM, Chen R, Kim H, Etchegaray JP, Weaver DR, Lee C. (2011). The period of the circadian oscillator is primarily determined by the balance between casein kinase 1 and protein phosphatase 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108:16451–16456.
  • Leger D, Guilleminault C, Defrance R, Domont A, Paillard M. (1999). Prevalence of sleep/wake disorders in persons with blindness. Clin. Sci. 97:193–199.
  • Lépine JP, Briley M. (2011). The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 7:3–7.
  • Levandovski R, Dantas G, Fernandes LC, Caumo W, Torres I, Roenneberg T, Hidalgo MP, Allebrandt KV. (2011). Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiol. Int. 28:771–778.
  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, Hoban TM. (1987). Antidepressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light. Science 235:352–354.
  • Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, Bauer VK. (2006). The circadian basis of winter depression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 9:7414–7419.
  • Liu X, Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Kim K, Kudo Y, Tagaya M, Suzuki H, Ogawa M. (2000). Diurnal preferences, sleep habits, circadian sleep propensity and melatonin rhythm in healthy human subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 280: 199–202.
  • Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK. (2012). Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep 35:727–734.
  • Magri F, Sarra S, Cinchetti W, Guazzoni V, Fioravanti M, Cravello L, Ferrari E. (2005). Qualitative and quantitative changes of melatonine levels in physiological and pathological aging and in centenarians. J. Pineal Res. 37:256–261.
  • Martin JS, Hébert M, Ledoux E, Gaudreault M, Laberge L. (2012). Relationship of chronotype to sleep, light exposure, and work-related fatigue in students workers. Chronobiol. Int. 29:295–304.
  • Matchoock RL, Mordkoff JT. (2009). Chronotype and time of day influences on alerting, orienting, and executive components of attention. Exp. Brain Res. 192:189–198.
  • Matthews G. (1988). Morningness-eveningness as a dimension of personality: trait, state, and psychophysiological correlates. Eur. J. Person. 2:277–293.
  • May CP. (1999). Synchrony effects in cognition: the cost and the benefit. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 6:142–147.
  • May CP, Hasher L. (1998). Synchrony effects in inhibitory control thought and action. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 24:363–379.
  • McClung, CA. (2007). Circadian rhythms, the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuit, and drug addiction. Sci. World J. 7(S2):194–202.
  • McClung CA, Sidiripoulo K, Vitaterna M, Takahashi JS. (2005). Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 12: 9377–9381.
  • McLaughlin C, Bowman ML, Bradley CL, Mistlberger RE. (2008). A prospective study of seasonal variation in shift-work tolerance. Chronobiol. Int. 25:455–470.
  • Mecacci L, Rocchetti G. (1998). Morning and evening types: Stress-related personality aspects. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 25:537–542.
  • Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Lahti T, Partonen T. (2012). Relation of chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population. Chronobiol. Int. 29:311–317.
  • Minors D, Rabbitt PMA, Worthington H, Waterhouse J. (1989). Variation in meals and sleep–activity patterns in aged subjects; its relevance to circadian rhythm studies. Chronobiol. Int. 6:139–146.
  • Mishima K, Tozawa T, Satoh K, Saitoh H, Mishima Y. (2005). The 3111T/C polymorphism of hClock is associated with evening preference and delayed sleep timing in a Japanese population sample. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 133:101–104.
  • Mitchell PJ, Redman JR. (1993).The relationship between morningness–eveningness, personality and habitual caffeine consumption. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 15:105–108.
  • Mongrain V, Lavoie S, Selmaoui B, Paquet J, Dumont M. (2004). Phase relationship between sleep–wake cycle and underlying rhythms in morningness–eveningness. J. Biol. Rhythms 19:248–257.
  • Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M. (2005a). Chronotype and sex effects on sleep architecture and quantitative sleep EEG in healthy young adults. Sleep 28:819–827.
  • Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M. (2005b). Circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation in morningness–eveningness. J. Sleep Res. 15:162–166.
  • Mongrain V, Carrier J, Dumont M. (2006a). Difference in sleep regulation between morning and evening circadian types as indexed by antero-posterior analyses of the sleep EEG. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23:497–504.
  • Mongrain V, Paquet J, Dumont M. (2006b). Contribution of the photoperiod at birth to the association between season of birth and diurnal preference. Neurosci. Lett. 406 :113–116.
  • Monk TH, Leng CV. (1986). Interaction between inter-individual and inter-task differences in the diurnal variations of human performance. Chronobiol. Int. 4:393–404.
  • Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Potts JM, DeGrazia JM, Kupher DJ. (2004). Morningness–eveningness and lifestyle regularity. Chronobiol. Int. 21:435–443.
  • Muro A, Gomà-i-Freixanet M, Adan A. (2009). Morningness–eveningness, sex, and the alternative five factor model of personality. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1235–1248.
  • Muro A, Gomà-i-Freixanet M, Adan A., Cladellas R. (2011). Circadian typology, age, and the Alternative Five-Factor Personality model in an adult women sample. Chronobiol. Int. 28:690–696.
  • Nagane M, Suge R, Watanabe S-I. (2011). Relationship between psychosomatic complaints and circadian rhythm irregularity assessed by salivary levels of melatonin and growth hormone. J. Circadian Rhythms 9:9, http://www.jcircadianrhythms.com/content/9/1/9
  • Natale V, Adan A. (1999). Season of birth modulates the morningness–eveningness preference. Neurosc. Lett. 274:139–141.
  • Natale V, Cicogna PC. (1996). Circadian regulation of subjective alertness in morning and evening type. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 20:491–497.
  • Natale V, Di Milia L. (2011). Season of birth and morningness: comparison between the northern and southern hemispheres. Chronobiol. Int. 28:727–730.
  • Natale V, Lorenzetti R. (1997). Influences of morningness–eveningness and time of day on narrative comprehension. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 23:685–690.
  • Natale V, Adan A, Chotai J. (2002). Further results on the association between morningness–evenigness preference and the season of birth in human adults. Neuropsychobiology 46:209–214.
  • Natale V, Alzani A, Cicogna PC. (2003). Cognitive efficiency and circadian typology: a diurnal study. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 35:1089–1105.
  • Natale V, Esposito MJ, Martoni M, Fabbri M. (2006). Validity of the reduced version of the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire. Sleep Biol. Rhythms 4:72–74.
  • Natale V, Adan A, Fabbri M. (2009). Season of birth, gender and social–cultural effects on sleep timing preferences in humans. Sleep 32:423–426.
  • Natvik S, Bjorvatn B, Moen BE, Mageroy N, Siversten B, Pallesen S. (2011). Personality factors related to shift work tolerance in two- and three-shift workers. Appl. Ergon. 42:719–724.
  • Negriff S, Dorn LD. (2009). Morningness/eveningness and menstrual symptoms in adolescent females. J. Psychosom. Res. 67:169–172.
  • Neubauer AC. (1992). Psychometric comparison of two circadian rhythm questionnaires and their relationship with personality. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 13:125–131.
  • Nielsen T. (2010). Nightmares associated with the eveningness chronotype. J. Biol. Rhythms 25:53–62.
  • Oginska H, Farowicz M, Golonka K, Marek T, Mojsa-Kaja J, Tucholska K. (2010). Chronotype, sleep loss, and diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol in a simulated daylong driving. Chronobiol. Int. 27:959–974.
  • O'Reardon JP, Ringel BL, Dinges DF, Allison KC, Rogers NL, Martino NS, Stunkard AJ. (2004).Circadian eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome. Obes. Res. 12:1789–1796.
  • Osland TM, Bjorvatn B, Steen VM, Pallesen S. (2011). Association study of a variable-number tandem repeat polymorphism in the clock gene PERIOD3 and chronotype in Norwegian university students. Chronobiol. Int. 28:764–770.
  • Ottoni GL, Antoniolli E, Lara DR. (2012). Circadian preference is associated with emotional and affective temperaments. Chronobiol. Int. 29:786–793.
  • Paine S-J, Gander PH, Travier N. (2006). The epidemiology of morningness/eveningness: influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30–49 years). J. Biol. Rhythms 21:68–76.
  • Park YM, Matzumoto K, Seo YJ, Kang MJ, Nagashima H. (2002). Effects of age and gender on sleep habits and sleep trouble for aged people. Biol. Rhythm Res. 33:39–51.
  • Pedrazzoli M, Louzada FM, Pereira DS, Benedito-Silva AA, Lopez AR, Martynhak BJ, Korczak AL, Koike Bdel V, Barbosa AA, D'Almeida V, Tufik S. (2007). Clock polymorphisms and circadian rhythms phenotypes in a sample of the Brazilian population. Chronobiol. Int. 24:1–8.
  • Peiser B. (2009). Seasonal affective disorder and exercise treatment: a review. Biol. Rhythm Res. 40:85–97.
  • Pereira DS, Tufik S, Louzada FM, Benedito-Silva AA, Lopez AR, Lemos NA, Korczak AL, D'Almeida V, Pedrazzoli M. (2005). Association of the length polymorphism in the human Per3 gene with the delayed sleep-phase syndrome: does latitude have an influence upon it? Sleep 28:29–32.
  • Perreau-Lenz S, Spanagel R. (2008). The effects of drugs of abuse on clock genes. Drug News Pers. 21:211–217.
  • Perreau-Lenz S, Zghoul T, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Spanagel R, Bilbao A. (2009). Circadian regulation of central ethanol sensitivity by the mPer2 gene. Addict. Biol. 14:253–259.
  • Petros TV, Beckwith BE, Anderson M. (1990). Individual differences in the effects of time of day and passage difficulty on prose memory in adults. Br. J. Psychol. 81:63–72.
  • Petru R, Wittmann M, Nowak, D, Birkholz B, Angerer P. (2005). Effects of working permanent night shifts and two shifts on cognitive and psychomotor performance. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 78:109–116.
  • Pornpitakpan C. (1998). Psychometric properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness: a shortened version. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 25:699–709.
  • Prat G, Adan A. (2011). Influence of circadian typology on drug consume, hazardous alcohol use and hangover symptoms. Chronobiol. Int. 28:248–257.
  • Randler C. (2008a). Morningness–eveningness comparison in adolescents from different countries around the world. Chronobiol. Int. 25:1017–1028.
  • Randler C. (2008b). Morningness–eveningness and satisfaction with life. Soc. Indic. Res. 86:297–302.
  • Randler C. (2008c). Morningness–eveningness, sleep–wake variables and big five personality factors. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 45:191–196.
  • Randler C. (2009a). Validation of the full and reduced Composite Scale of Morningness. Biol. Rhythm Res. 40:413–423.
  • Randler C. (2009b). Proactive people are morning people. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 39:2787–2797.
  • Randler C. (2011). Age and gender differences in morningness–eveningness during adolescence. J. Genetic Psychol. 172:302–308.
  • Randler C, Frech D. (2006). Correlation between morningness–eveningness and final school leaving exams. Biol. Rhythm Res. 37:233–239.
  • Randler C, Saliger L. (2011). Relationship between morningness–eveningness and temperament and character dimensions in adolescents. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 50:148–152.
  • Randler C, Bilger S, Díaz-Morales JF. (2009). Associations among sleep, chronotype, parental monitoring, and pubertal development among German adolescents. J. Psychol. 143:509–520.
  • Randler C, Ebenhöh N, Fischer A, Höchel S, Schroff C, Stoll JC, Vollmer C. (2012). Chronotype but not sleep length is related to salivary testosterone in young adult men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:1740–1744.
  • Randler C, Schaal, S. (2010). Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol levels. Biol. Psychol. 85:14–18.
  • Reinberg A, Touitou Y, Lewy H, Mechkouri M. (2010). Habitual moderate alcohol consumption desynchronizes circadian physiologic rhythms and affects reaction-time performance. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1930–1942.
  • Roberts RD, Kyllonen PC. (1999). Morningness–eveningness and intelligence: early to bed, early to rise will likely make you anything but wise! Pers. Indiv. Differ. 27:1123–1133.
  • Robilliard D, Archer SN, Arendt J, Lockley SW, Hack LM, English J, Leger D, Smits MG, Williams A, Skene DJ, von Schantz M. (2002). The 3111Clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep and circadian rhythmicity in phenotypically characterized human subjects. J. Sleep Res. 11:305–312.
  • Roenneberg T, Daan S, Merrow M. (2003). The art of entrainment. J. Biol. Rhythms 18:183–194.
  • Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller P P, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr. Biol. 14:R1038–R1039.
  • Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, Allebrandt K, Gordijn M, Merrow M. (2007). Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med. Rev. 11:429–438.
  • Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. Curr. Biol. 22: 939–943.
  • Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ, Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, Mueller PS, Newsome DA, Wehr TA. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41:72–80.
  • Rosenwasser AM. (2009). Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. Brain Res. Rev. 61:281–306.
  • Rosenwasser, AM. (2010). Circadian clock genes: non-circadian roles in sleep, addiction, and psychiatric disorders? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34:1249–1255.
  • Rowe G, Hasher L, Turcotte J. (2009). Age and synchronic effects in visuospatial working memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 62:1873–1880.
  • Rupp TL, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. (2007). Evening alcohol suppresses salivary melatonin in young adults. Chronobiol. Int. 24:463–470.
  • Russo PM, Bruni O, Lucidi F, Ferri R, Violani C. (2007). Sleep habits and circadian preference in Italian children and adolescents. J. Sleep Res. 16:163–169.
  • Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright Jr KP, Vitiello MV, Zhdanova IV. (2007). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part I, Basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. Sleep 30:1460–1483.
  • Saksvik I. (2012). Individual, situational, and lifestyle factors related to shift work tolerance among nurses who are new to – and experienced in night work. J. Adv. Nurs. (in press)
  • Saksvik I, Bjorvatn B, Hetland H, Sandal GM, Pallesen S. (2010). Individual differences in tolerance to shift work – a systematic review. Sleep Med. Rev. 15:221–235.
  • Sand P, Kleinschitz M, Vogel P, Kavvadis D, Schreier P, Riederer P. (2001). Naturally occurring benzodiazepines may codetermine chronotypes. J. Neural Transm. 108:747–753.
  • Sarmàny I. (1984). Interacting features of cognitive style (field dependence–independence) and operator's simulated work during a 24-hour cycle – II: morning and evening type. Studia Psychol. 26:323–330.
  • Schmidt C, Peigneux P, Leclercq Y, Sterpenich V, Vandewalle G, Phillips C, Berthomier P, Berthomier C, Tinguely G, Gais S, Schabus M, Desseilles M, Dang-Vu T, Salmon E, Degueldre C, Balteau E, Luxen A, Cajochen C, Maquet P, Collette F. (2012). Circadian preference modulates the neural substrate of conflict processing across the day. PLoS One 7: e29658 (in press). doi:10.137
  • Schneider ML, Vasconcellos DC, Dantas G, Levandovski R, Caumo W, Allebrandt KV, Doring M, Hidalgo MP. (2011). Morningness–eveningness, use of stimulants, and minor psychiatric disorders among undergraduate students. Int. J. Psychol. 1:18–23.
  • Schubert E, Randler C. (2008). Association between chronotype and the constructs of the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire. Appetite 51:501–505.
  • Schwartz SH. (2003). A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Chapter 7. Questionnaire Development Package of the European Social Survey. http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=126&Itemid=80.
  • Selvi Y, Aydin A, Boysan M, Atli A, Agargun MY, Besiroglu L. (2010). Associations between chronotype, sleep quality, suicidality, and depressive symptoms in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1813–1828.
  • Selvi Y, Aydin A, Atli A, Boysan M, Selvi F, Besiroglu L. (2011). Chronotype differences in suicidal behavior and impulsivity among suicide attempters. Chronobiol. Int. 28:170–175.
  • Seo Y-J, Matsumoto K, Park Y-M, Shinkoda H, Noh T-J. (2000). The relationship between sleep and shift system, age and chronotype in shift workers. Biol. Rhythm Res. 31:559–579.
  • Serretti A, Gaspar-Barba E, Calati R, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Gomez-Sanchez A, Perez-Molina A, De Ronchi D. (2010). 3111T/C clock gene polymorphism is not associated with sleep disturbances in untreated depressed patients. Chronobiol. Int. 27:265–277.
  • Shub Y, Ashkenazi IE, Reinberg A. (1997). Differences between left- and right-hand reaction time rhythms: indications of shift in strategies of human brain activity. Cogn. Brain Res. 6:141–146.
  • Smith AP Jones DM. (1992). Time of day and performance. In Handbook of human performance. Volume 3: State and trait. New York: Academic Press, 217–235.
  • Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K. (1989). Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J. Appl. Psych.74:728–738.
  • Smith CS, Robie C, Folkard S, Barton J, Macdonald I, Smith L, Spelten E, Totterdell P, Costa G. (1999). A process model of shiftwork and health. J. Occup. Health Psych. 4:207–218.
  • Smith CS, Folkard S, Schmieder RA, Parra LF, Spelten E, Almirall H, Sahu S, Periz L, Tisak J. (2002). Investigation of morning–evening orientation in six countries using the Preferences Scale. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 32:949–968.
  • Song J, Stough C. (2000). The relationship between morningness–eveningness, time of day, speed of information processing, and intelligence. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 29:1179–1190.
  • Soreca I, Fagiolini A, Frank E, Goodpaster BH, Kupfer DJ. (2009). Chronotype and body composition in bipolar disorder. Chronobiol. Int. 26:780–788.
  • Soria V, Urretavizcaya M. (2009). Circadian rhythms and depression. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 37:222–232.
  • Springer SP, Deutsch G. (1997). Left brain, right brain. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
  • Sterberg RJ, Zhang LF. (2001). Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles. Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
  • Taillard J, Philip P, Chastang J-F, Bioulac B. (2004). Validation of Horne and Östberg Morningness–Eveningness questionnaire in a middle-aged population of French workers. J. Biol. Rhythms 19:76–86.
  • Taillard J, Philip P, Claustrat B, Capelli A, Coste O, Chaumet G, Sagaspe P. (2011). Time course of neurobehavioral alertness during extended wakefulness in morning- and evening-type healthy sleepers. Chronobiol. Int. 28:520–527.
  • Takao M, Kurach T, Kato H. (2009). Photoperiod at birth does not modulate the diurnal preference in Asian population. Chronobiol. Int. 26:1470–1477.
  • Tankova I, Adan A, Buela-Casal G. (1994). Circadian typology and individual differences: a review. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 16:671–684.
  • Taylor DJ, Clay KC, Bramoweth AD, Sethi K, Roane BM. (2011). Circadian phase preference in college students: relationship with psychological functioning and academics. Chronobiol. Int. 28:541–547.
  • Terman JS, Terman M, Lo ES, and Cooper TB. (2001). Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. Res. 58:69–75.
  • Toh KL, Jones CR, He Y, Eide EJ, Hinz WA, Virshup DM, Ptacek LJ, Fu YH. (2001). An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Science 291:1040–1043.
  • Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Natale V. (2008). Sex differences in sleep-time preference and sleep need: a cross-sectional survey among Italian pre-adolescent, adolescent and adults. Chronobiol. Int. 25:745–759.
  • Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Natale V. (2009). Relationship between circadian typology and big five personality domains. Chronobiol. Int. 26:337–347.
  • Tonetti L, Adan A, Caci H, De Pascalis V, Fabbri M, Natale V. (2010). Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking. Eur. Psychiatry 25:111–115.
  • Tonetti L, Fabbri M, Martoni M, Natale V. (2011). Season of birth and sleep-timing preferences in adolescents. Chronobiol. Int. 28:536–540.
  • Torrance EP, McCarthy B, Kolesinski MT. (1988). Style of learning and thinking. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
  • Torsvall L, Akerstedt T. (1980). A diurnal type scale. Construction, consistency and validation in shift work. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 6:283–290.
  • Tsaousis I. (2010) Circadian preferences and personality traits: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Pers. 24:356–373.
  • Tzischinsky O, Shochat T. (2011). Eveningness, sleep patterns, daytime functioning, and quality of life in Israeli adolescents. Chronobiol. Int. 28:338–343.
  • Urbán R, Magyaródi T, Rigó A. (2011). Morningness–eveningness, chronotypes and health-impairing behaviors in adolescents. Chronobiol. Int. 28:238–247.
  • Uz T, Ahmed R, Akhisaroglu M, Kurtunku M, Imbese M, Dirim Arslam A, Manev H. (2005). Effect of fluoxetine and cocaine in the expression of clock genes in the mousse hippocampus and striatum. Neuroscience 134:1309–1316.
  • Valdez P, Reilly T, Waterhouse J. (2008). Rhythms of mental performance. Mind Brain Educ. 2:7–16.
  • Vanin S, Bhutani S, Montelli S, Menegazzi P, Green EW, Pegoraro M, Sandrelli F, Costa R, Kyriacou CP. (2012). Unexpected features of Drosophila circadian behavioural rhythms under natural conditions. Nature 484:371–375.
  • Vela-Bueno A, Olavarrieta-Bernardino S, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas A, Bixler E, de la Cruz Troca JJ. (2010). Circadian profile and locus of control in shiftworking aircraft maintenance technicians: differences on adaptation. 20th Congress of the European Sleep Research Society, Lisbon, Portugal, 14–18 September 2010.
  • Viola AU, Archer SN, James LM, Groeger JA, Lo JC, Skene DJ, von Schantz M, Dijk DJ. (2007). PER3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. Curr. Biol. 17:613–618.
  • Viola AU, Chellappa SL, Archer SN, Pugin F, Gotz T, Dijk DJ, Cajochen C. (2011). Interindividual differences in circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis in older people: effect of a PER3 polymorphism. Neurobiol. Aging 33:p1010.e17–1010.e27.
  • Vollmer C, Randler C. (2012). Circadian preferences and personality values: morning types prefer social values, evening types prefer individual values. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 52:738–743.
  • Vollmer C, Michel U, Randler C. (2012). Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents. Chronobiol. Int. 29:502–508.
  • Waterhouse J, Edwards B, Nevill A, Carvalho S, Atkinson G, Buckley P, Reilly T. (2002). Identifying some determinants of “jet-lag” and its symptoms: a study of athletes and other travellers. Brit. J. Sports Med. 36:54–60.
  • Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Atkinson G, Edwards B. (2007). Jet lag: Trends and coping strategies. Lancet 369:1117–1129.
  • Wieth MB, Zacks RT. (2011). Time of day effects on problem solving: when the non-optimal is optimal. Think Reas. 17:387–401.
  • Willis TA, O'Connor DB, Smith L. (2008). Investigating effort–reward imbalance and work–family conflict in relation to morningness–eveningness and shift work. Work Stress 22:125–137.
  • Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F, Berger M, Lam RW, Martiny K, Terman M, Wu JC. (2005). Chronotherapeutics (light and wake therapy) in affective disorders. Psychol. Med. 35:939–944.
  • Wittmann M, Paulus M, Roenneberg T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Subs. Use Misuse 23:497–509.
  • Wu Y-H, Swaab DF. (2005). The human pineal gland and melatonin in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J. Pineal Res. 38:145–152.
  • Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:589–599.
  • Xu Y, Padiath QS, Shapiro RE, Jones CR, Wu SC, Saigoh N, Saigoh K, Ptacek LJ, Fu YH. (2005). Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. Nature 434:640–644.
  • Yang L, Hasher L, Wilson DE. (2007). Synchrony effects in automatic and controlled retrieval. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14:51–56.
  • deYoung CG, Hasher L, Djikic M, Criger B, Peterson JB. (2007). Morning people are stable people: circadian rhythm and the higher-order factors of the Big Five. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 43:267–276.
  • Zickar MJ, Russell SS, Smith CS, Bohlé P, Tilley AJ. (2002). Evaluating two morningness scales with item response theory. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 33:11–24.
  • Zimmermann LK. (2011). Chronotype and the transition to college life. Chronobiol. Int. 28:904–910.
  • Zuckerman M. (2002). Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ): an alternative five factorial model. In De Raad B, Perugini M. (Eds). Big five assessment. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 377–396.
  • Zuckerman M, Cloninger CR. (1996). Relationships between Cloninger's, Zuckerman's and Eysenck's dimensions of personality. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 21:283–285.
  • Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM, Joireman J, Teta P, Kraft M. (1993) A comparison of three structural models for personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65:757–768.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.