Seasonal variation of activity patterns in roe deer in a temperate forested area

REFERENCES

• Abbas F, Picot D, Merlet J, et al. (2013). A typical browser, the roe deer, may consume substantial quantities of grasses in open landscapes. Eur J Wildl Res, 59, 69--75
   Google Scholar
• Andersen R, Gaillard JM, Linnell JDC, Duncan P. (2000). Factors affecting maternal care in an income breeder, the European roe deer. J Anim Ecol, 69, 672–82
   Google Scholar
• Apollonio M, Mattioli L, Scandura M, et al. (2004). Wolves in the Casentinesi Forests: insights for wolf conservation in Italy from a protected area with a rich wild prey community. Biol Conserv, 120, 253–64
   Google Scholar
• Arnold W, Ruf T, Reimoser S, et al. (2004). Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 286, R174–81
   Google Scholar
• Arnold W, Ruf T, Kuntz R. (2006). Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure J Exp Biol, 209, 4566–73
   Google Scholar
• Bassi E, Donaggio E, Marcon A, et al. (2012). Trophic niche overlap and wild ungulate consumption by red fox and wolf in a mountain area in Italy. Mammal Biol, 77, 369--76
   Google Scholar
• Batard A. (2010). Territory establishment in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): spatial behaviour and effort investment in territorial activities. Master’s thesis, INRA & University Paul Sabatier–Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
   Google Scholar
• Beier P, McCullough DR. (1990). Factors influencing white-tailed deer activity patterns and habitat use. Wildl Monogr, 109, 1–51
   Google Scholar
• Belovsky GE. (1981). Optimal activity times and habitat choice of moose. Oecologia, 48, 22–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhaiem S, Delon M, Lourtet B, et al. (2008). Hunting increases vigilance levels in roe deer and modifies feeding site selection. Anim Behav, 76, 611–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Scheibe KM, Eichhorn K, et al. (1999). Diurnal and ultradian rhythms of behaviour in a mare group of Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), measured through one year under semi-reserve conditions. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 64, 1–17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Scheibe KM, Brelurut A, et al. (2002). Seasonal variation of diurnal and ultradian rhythms in red deer. Biol Rhythm Res, 33, 237–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman CM, Fryxell JM, Gates CC, Fortin D. (2001). Ungulate foraging strategies: energy maximizing or time minimizing? J Anim Ecol, 70, 289–300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolucci C, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Piccione G. (2008). Seasonal variations in daily rhythms of activity in athletic horses. Animal, 2, 1055–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongi P, Ciuti S, Grignolio S, et al. (2008). Anti-predator behaviour, space use and habitat selection in female roe deer during the fawning season in a wolf area. J Zool, 276, 242–51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer RT, Kie JG. (2004). Effects of foraging activity on sexual segregation in mule deer. J Mammal, 85, 498–504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham KP, Anderson DR. (2002). Model selection and multi-model inference. A practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer-Verlag, 488 p
   Google Scholar
• Carneiro BTS, Araujo JF. (2009). The food-entrainable oscillator: a network of interconnected brain structures entrained by humoral signals? Chronobiol Int, 26, 1273–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederlund G. (1981). Daily and seasonal activity pattern of roe deer in a boreal habitat. Viltrevy Swedish Wildl Res, 11, 315–53
   Google Scholar
• Cederlund G. (1989). Activity patterns in moose and roe deer in a north boreal forest. Holarctic Ecol, 12, 39–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childress MJ, Lung MA. (2003). Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? Anim Behav, 66, 389–98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulombe ML, Massé A, Côté, SD. (2006). Quantification and accuracy of activity data measured with VHF and GPS telemetry. Wildl Soc Bull, 34, 81–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creel S, Winnie J Jr, Maxwell B, et al. (2005). Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology, 86, 3387–97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danilkin A, Hewison AJM. (1996). Behavioural ecology of Siberian and European roe deer. London: Chapman & Hall, 277 p
   Google Scholar
• de Boer HY, van Breukelen L, Hootsmans MJM, van Wieren SE. (2004). Flight distance in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and fallow deer Dama dama as related to hunting and other factors. Wildl Biol, 10, 35–41
   Google Scholar
• Demment MW, van Soest PJ. (1985). A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores. Am Nat, 125, 641–72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dochtermann NA, Jenkins SH. (2011). Developing multiple hypotheses in behavioral ecology. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 65, 37–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donadio E, Buskirk SW. (2006). Flight behavior in guanacos and vicuñas in areas with and without poaching in western Argentina. Biol Conserv, 127, 139–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Toit JT, Yetman CA. (2005). Effects of body size on the diurnal activity budgets of African browsing ruminants. Oecologia, 143, 317–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggermann J, Gula R, Pirga B, et al. (2009). Daily and seasonal variation in wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Mammal Biol, 74, 159–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint APF, Krzywiński A. (1997). Sex differences in time budgeting in roe deer during the rut. Acta Theriol, 42, 313–20
   Google Scholar
• Georgii B. (1981). Activity patterns of female red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the Alps. Oecologia, 49, 127–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgii B, Schröder W. (1983). Home range and activity patterns of male red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the Alps. Oecologia, 58, 238–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerkema MP, Daan S, Wilbrink M, et al. (1993). Phase control of ultradian feeding rhythms in the common vole (Microtus arvalis): the roles of light and the circadian system. J Biol Rhythms, 8, 151–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignolio S, Merli E, Bongi P, et al. (2011). Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area. Biol Conserv, 144, 641–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen JL. (1987a). Seasonal variation in group size, and sex and age composition in a Danish red deer (Cervus elaphus) population under heavy hunting pressure. Danish Rev Game Biol, 13, 1–19
   Google Scholar
• Jeppesen JL. (1987b). Impact of human disturbance on home range, movements and activity of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Danish environment. Danish Rev Game Biol, 13, 1–38
   Google Scholar
• Jeppesen JL. (1989). Activity patterns of free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at Kalø. Danish Rev Game Biol, 13, 1–32
   Google Scholar
• Jianbin S, Dunbar RIM, Buckland D, Miller D. (2003). Daytime activity budgets of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum: influence of season, age, and sex. Can J Zool, 81, 803–15
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JB, Omland KS. (2004). Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol, 19, 101–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jud C, Schmutz I, Hampp G, et al. (2005). A guideline for analyzing circadian wheel-running behavior in rodents under different lighting conditions. Biol Proced Online, 7, 101–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamler JF, Jędrzejewska B, Jędrzejewski W. (2007). Activity patterns of red deer in Białowieża National Park, Poland. J Mammal, 88, 508–14
   Google Scholar
• Kerley GIH, Landman M, de Beer S. (2010). How do small browsers respond to resource changes? Dietary response of the Cape grysbok to clearing alien Acacias. Funct Ecol, 24, 670–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick AM. (2003). The impact of thermoregulatory costs on foraging behaviour: a test with American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Evol Ecol Res, 5, 781–6
   Google Scholar
• Larrucea ES, Brussard PF. (2009). Diel and seasonal activity patterns of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). J Mammal, 90, 1176–83
   Google Scholar
• Lima SL. (1998). Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives. Adv Study Behav, 27, 215–90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnell JDC, Andersen R. (1998). Territorial fidelity and tenure in roe deer bucks. Acta Theriol, 43, 67–75
   Google Scholar
• Loe LE, Bonenfant C, Mysterud A, et al. (2007). Activity pattern of arctic reindeer in a predator-free environment: no need to keep a daily rhythm. Oecologia, 152, 617–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovegrove BG. (2005). Seasonal thermoregulatory responses in mammals. J Comp Physiol B, 175, 231–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machlis L, Dodd PWD, Fentress JC. (1985). The pooling fallacy: problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set. Z Tierpsychol, 68, 201–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney SK, Moss G, Cartmell T, Mitchell D. (2005). Alteration in diel activity patterns as a thermoregulatory strategy in black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol, 191, 1055–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli L, Capitani C, Avanzinelli E, et al. (2004). Predation by wolves (Canis lupus) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in north-eastern Apennine, Italy. J Zool, 264, 249–58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melis C, Hoem SA, Linnell JDC, Andersen R. (2005). Age-specific reproductive behaviours in male roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Acta Theriol, 50, 445–52
   Google Scholar
• Munoz-Delgado J, Corsi-Cabrera M, Canales-Espinosa D, et al. (2004). Astronomical and meteorological parameters and rest-activity rhythm in the Spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi. Physiol Behav, 83, 107–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mysterud A. (1998). The relative roles of body size and feeding type on activity time of temperate ruminants. Oecologia, 113, 442–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson W, Tong YL, Lee JK, Halberg F. (1979). Methods for cosinor rhythmometry. Chronobiologia, 6, 305–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuhaus P, Ruckstuhl KE. (2002). The link between sexual dimorphism, activity budgets, and group cohesion: the case of the plains zebra (Equus burchelli). Can J Zool, 80, 1437–41
   Google Scholar
• Perzanowski K. (1978). The effect of winter food composition on roe-deer energy budget. Acta Theriol, 23, 451–67
   Google Scholar
• Pipia A, Ciuti S, Grignolio S, et al. (2008). Influence of sex, season, temperature and reproductive status on daily activity patterns in Sardinian mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon). Behaviour, 145, 1723–45
   Google Scholar
• Pita R, Mira A, Beja P. (2011). Circadian activity rhythms in relation to season, sex and interspecific interactions in two Mediterranean voles. Anim Behav, 81, 1023–30
   Google Scholar
• Pittendrigh CS. (1993). Temporal organization: Reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher. Annu Rev Physiol, 55, 17–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. (2010). Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int, 27, 1911–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P. (2006). Sexual segregation in vertebrates. Ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 488 p
   Google Scholar
• Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P. (2009). Activity budgets and sociality in a monomorphic ungulate: the African Oryx (Oryx gazella). Can J Zool, 87, 165–74
   Google Scholar
• Sábato MAL, de Melo LFB, Magni EMV, et al. (2006). A note on the effect of the full moon on the activity of wild maned wolves, Chrysocyon brachyurus. Behav Processes, 73, 228–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San José C, Lovari S, Ferrari N. (1996). Temporal evolution of vigilance in roe deer. Behav Processes, 38, 155–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheibe KM, Berger A, Langbein J, et al. (1999). Comparative analysis of ultradian and circadian behavioural rhythms for diagnosis of biorhythmic state of animals. Biol Rhythm Res, 30, 216–33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibe KM, Robinson TL, Scheibe A, Berger A. (2009). Variation of the phase of the 24-h activity period in different large herbivore species under European and African conditions. Biol Rhythm Res, 40, 169–79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signer C, Ruf T, Arnold W. (2011). Hypometabolism and basking: the strategies of Alpine ibex to endure harsh over-wintering conditions. Funct Ecol, 25, 537–47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. (1981). Biometry: the principles and practices of statistics in biological research. 2nd ed. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 859 pp
   Google Scholar
• Stankowich T, Coss RG. (2006). Effects of predator behavior and proximity on risk assessment by Columbian black-tailed deer. Behav Ecol, 17, 246–54
   Google Scholar
• Stephan FK. (2002). The “other” circadian system: food as a zeitgeber. J Biol Rhythms, 17, 284–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumová A, Bendová Z, Sládek M, et al. (2004). Seasonal molecular timekeeping within the rat circadian clock. Physiol Res, 53, S167–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Symonds MRE, Moussalli A. (2011). A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike’s information criterion. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 65, 13–21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theuerkauf J, Jędrzejewski W, Schmidt K, et al. (2003). Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Białowieża Forest, Poland. J Mammal, 84, 243–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolon V, Dray S, Loison A, et al. (2009). Responding to spatial and temporal variations in predation risk: space use of a game species in a changing landscape of fear. Can J Zool, 87, 1129–37
   Google Scholar
• Turbill C, Ruf T, Mang T, Arnold W. (2011). Regulation of heart rate and rumen temperature in red deer: effects of season and food intake. J Exp Biol, 214, 963–70
   Google Scholar
• Turner DC. (1979). An analysis of time-budgeting by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in an agricultural area. Behaviour, 71, 246–90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oort BEH, Tyler NJC, Gerkema MP, et al. (2005). Circadian organization in reindeer. Nature, 438, 1095–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oort BEH, Tyler NJC, Gerkema MP, et al. (2007). Where clocks are redundant: weak circadian mechanisms in reindeer living under polar photic conditions. Naturwissenschaften, 94, 183–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanpé C, Gaillard JM, Morellet N, et al. (2009). Age-specific variation in male breeding success of a territorial ungulate species, the European roe deer. J Mammal, 90, 661–5
   Google Scholar
• Wallach AD, Shanas U, Inbar M. (2010). Feeding activity and dietary composition of roe deer at the southern edge of their range. Eur J Wildl Res, 56, 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Wronski T, Apio A, Plath M. (2006). Activity patterns of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) in Queen Elizabeth National Park. Behav Processes, 73, 333–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yearsley JM, Pérez-Barbería FJ. (2005). Does the activity budget hypothesis explain sexual segregation in ungulates? Anim Behav, 69, 257–67
   Google Scholar
• Yerushalmi S, Green RM. (2009). Evidence for the adaptive significance of circadian rhythms. Ecol Lett, 12, 970–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar