The biological clock modulates the human cortisol response in a multiplicative fashion

References

• Achermann P. (1999). Technical note: A problem with identifying nonlinear interactions of circadian and homeostatic processes. J Biol Rhythms. 14:602–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri WF. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess. 67:588–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanoff JK, Gross K, Yager A, Schatzberg AF. (2001). Corticosteroids and cognition. J Psychiatr Res. 35:127–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman K, Sarkar P, Glover V, O’Connor TG. (2010). Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: Moderation by infant–mother attachment. Biol Psychiatry. 67:1026–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin DB, Tremblay GM, James FO. (2007). Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Med. 8:578–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein SR, Engeland WC, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Herman JP. (2008). Dissociation of ACTH and glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 19:175–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham KP, Anderson DR. (2004). Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol Method Res. 33:261–304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, et al. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28:193–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøggild H, Knutsson A. (1999). Shift work, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Scand J Work Environ Health. 25:85–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascio CS, Shinsako J, Dallman MF. (1987). The suprachiasmatic nuclei stimulate evening ACTH secretion in the rat. Brain Res. 423:173–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark JH. (1924). The Ishihara test for color blindness. Am J Physiol Optics. 5:269–76
   Google Scholar
• Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge FH. (2004). The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress. 7:29–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen PJ. (2010). Not fade away: The HPA axis and depression. Psychol Med. 40:1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, et al. (1999). Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 284:2177–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein G, Shechner C, Nicholson WE, et al. (1991). Adrenocorticotropin stimulation test: Effects of basal cortisol level, time of day, and suggested new sensitive low dose test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 72:773–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein G, Spigel D, Arad E, Shechner C. (1997). One microgram is the lowest ACTH dose to cause a maximal cortisol response. There is no diurnal variation of cortisol response to submaximal ACTH stimulation. Eur J Endocrinol. 137:172–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk D-J, Czeisler CA. (1995). Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci. 15:3526–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeland WC, Arnhold MM. (2005). Neural circuitry in the regulation of adrenal corticosterone rhythmicity. Endocrine. 28:325–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard S, Lombardi DA. (2006). Modeling the impact of the components of long work hours on injuries and “accidents”. Am J Ind Med. 49:953–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson EL, Checkley S, Papadopoulos A, et al. (1999). Increased salivary cortisol reliably induced by a protein-rich midday meal. Psychosom Med. 61:214–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillberg M, Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. (1994). Relations between performance and subjective ratings of sleepiness during a night awake. Sleep. 17:236–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girod JP, Brotman DJ. (2004). Does altered glucocorticoid homeostasis increase cardiovascular risk?. Cardiovasc Res. 64:217–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass J, Fujimoto T. (1994). Housework, paid work, and depression among husbands and wives. J Health Soc Behav. 35:179–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Bono E, Rohleder N, Hellhammer DH, et al. (2002). Glucose but not protein or fat load amplifies the cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Horm Behav. 41:328–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiddinga AE, Beersma DGM, Van den Hoofdakker RH. (1997). Endogenous and exogenous components in the circadian variation of core body temperature in humans. J Sleep Res. 6:156–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida A, Mutoh T, Ueyama T, et al. (2005). Light activates the adrenal gland: Timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. Cell Metab. 2:297–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewett ME, Kronauer RE. (1999). Interactive mathematical models of subjective alertness and cognitive throughput in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 14:588–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsbeek A, van der Spek R, Lei J, et al. (2012). Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 349:20–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko M, Kaneko K, Shinsako J, Dallman MF. (1981). Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin varies diurnally. Endocrinology. 109:70–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. (2001). Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 58:747–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koorengevel KM, Beersma DGM, Boer den JA, Van den Hoofdakker RH. (2002). A forced desynchrony study of circadian pacemaker characteristics in seasonal affective disorder. J Biol Rhythms. 17:463–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilley TR, Wotus C, Taylor D, et al. (2012). Circadian regulation of cortisol release in behaviorally split golden hamsters. Endocrinology. 153:732–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linkowski P, Van Onderbergen A, Kerkhofs M, et al. (1993). Twin study of the 24-h cortisol profile: Evidence for genetic control of the human circadian clock. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 264:E173–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, van Kruysbergen RGPM, de Jong FH, et al. (2011). Shift work at young age is associated with elevated long-term cortisol levels and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96:E1862–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morikawa Y, Nakagawa H, Miura K. (2005). Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 31:179–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plat L, Byrne MM, Sturis J, et al. (1996). Effects of morning cortisol elevation on insulin secretion and glucose regulation in humans. Am J Physiol. 270:E36–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Touitou Y, Smolensky MH. (2008). Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research. Chronobiol Int. 25:999–1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putignano P, Dubini A, Toja P, et al. (2001). Salivary cortisol measurement in normal-weight, obese and anorexic women: Comparison with plasma cortisol. Eur J Endocrinol. 145:165–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. (2012). Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol. 22:939–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. (2003). Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 18:80–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmond R, Dallman MF, Björntorp P. (1998). Stress-related cortisol secretion in men: Relationships with abdominal obesity and endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1853–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer FAJL, Buijs RM. (1999). Light affects morning salivary cortisol in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:3395–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AJ, Monk TH, Brink LL. (1997). Shiftwork as a risk factor for depression: A pilot study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 3:S2–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki K, Ohida T, Kaneita Y, et al. (2004). Mental health status, shift work, and occupational accidents among hospital nurses in Japan. J Occup Health. 46:448–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Farfan C, Valenzuela FJ, Ebensperger R, et al. (2008). Circadian cortisol secretion and circadian adrenal responses to ACTH are maintained in dexamethasone suppressed capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Am J Primatol. 70:93–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulrich-Lai YM, Arnhold MM, Engeland WC. (2006). Adrenal splanchnic innervation contributes to the diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone in rats by modulating adrenal sensitivity to ACTH. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 290:R1128–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voultsios A, Kennaway DJ, Dawson D. (1997). Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: Validation and comparison to plasma melatonin. J Biol Rhythms. 12:457–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas MV, Garg AX, Iansavichus AV, et al. (2012). Shift work and vascular events: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 345:e4800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Atkinson G, Edwards B. (2007). Jet lag: Trends and coping strategies. Lancet. 369:1117–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitworth JA, Williamson PM, Mangos G, Kelly JJ. (2005). Cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 1:291–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. (2006). Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23:497–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotus C, Lilley TR, Neal AS, et al. (2013). Forced desynchrony reveals independent contributions of suprachiasmatic oscillators to the daily plasma corticosterone rhythm in male rats. PLoS ONE. 8:e68793
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Czeisler CA, Dijk D-J. (1999). Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day. Am J Physiol. 277:R1152–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar