Outdoor artificial light at night, obesity, and sleep health: Cross-sectional analysis in the KoGES study

References

• Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. (2012). Circadian typology: A comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 29:1153–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostinelli C, Lund U. (2013). R package ‘circular’: Circular Statistics (version 0.4-7). Available from: https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/circular/ [last accessed 10 Jan 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Arora T, Taheri S. (2015). Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 39:39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball K, Crawford D. (2010). The role of socio-cultural factors in the obesity epidemic. In Crawford D, Jeffery RW, Ball K, Brug J, eds. Obesity epidemiology from aetiology to public health. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–35.
   Google Scholar
• Bass J. (2012). Circadian topology of metabolism. Nature. 491:348–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbely AA. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1:195–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA. (2008). Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep. 31:619–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho FG, Hidalgo MP, Levandovski R. (2014). Differences in circadian patterns between rural and urban populations: An epidemiological study in countryside. Chronobiol Int. 31:442–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Beydoun MA, Wang Y. (2008). Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 16:265–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepesiuk R. (2009). Missing the dark: Health effects of light pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 117:A20–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinzano P, Falchi F, Elvidge CD. (2001). The first World Atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. MNRAS. 328:689–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coomans CP, van den Berg SA, Houben T, van Klinken JB, van den Berg R, Pronk AC, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, van Dijk KW, Biermasz NR, Meijer JH. (2013). Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. FASEB J. 27:1721–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, Kuo FC, Palmer EL, Tseng YH, Doria A, Kolodny GM, Kahn CR. (2009). Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 360:1509–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler CA, Kronauer RE, Allan JS, Duffy JF, Jewett ME, Brown EN, Ronda JM. (1989). Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 244:1328–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depner CM, Stothard ER, Wright KP, Jr. (2014). Metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disorders. Curr Diab Rep. 14:507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan K, Benloucif S, Reid K, Wolfe LF, Zee PC. (2011). Light-induced changes of the circadian clock of humans: Increasing duration is more effective than increasing light intensity. Sleep. 34:593–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lorenzo L, De Pergola G, Zocchetti C, L’Abbate N, Basso A, Pannacciulli N, Cignarelli M, Giorgino R, Soleo L. (2003). Effect of shift work on body mass index: Results of a study performed in 319 glucose-tolerant men working in a Southern Italian industry. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 27:1353–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy JF, Wright KP, Jr. (2005). Entrainment of the human circadian system by light. J Biol Rhythms. 20:326–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvidge CD, Baugh KE, Dietz JB, Bland T, Sutton PC, Kroehl HW. (1999). Radiance calibration of DMSP-OLS low-light imaging data of human settlements. Remote Sens Environ. 68:77–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren TC, Reiter RJ. (2009). Defining chronodisruption. J Pineal Res. 46:245–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falchi F, Cinzano P, Elvidge CD, Keith DM, Haim A. (2011). Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. J Environ Manage. 92:2714–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonken LK, Aubrecht TG, Melendez-Fernandez OH, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. (2013). Dim light at night disrupts molecular circadian rhythms and increases body weight. J Biol Rhythms. 28:262–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonken LK, Workman JL, Walton JC, Weil ZM, Morris JS, Haim A, Nelson RJ. (2010). Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107:18664–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouquet R, Pearson PJG. (2006). Seven centuries of energy services: The price and use of light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000). Energy J. 27:139–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Abellán P, Garaulet M. (2012). Adipose tissue as a peripheral clock. In Garaulet M, Ordovás JM, eds. Chronobiology and Obesity. New York: Springer, pp. 29–53.
   Google Scholar
• Guilleminault C, Rosekind M. (1981). The arousal threshold: Sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 17:341–9.
   Google Scholar
• Haraldsson PO, Carenfelt C, Knutsson E, Persson HE, Rinder J. (1992). Preliminary report: Validity of symptom analysis and daytime polysomnography in diagnosis of sleep apnea. Sleep. 15:261–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Ostberg O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jewett ME, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA. (1994). Phase-amplitude resetting of the human circadian pacemaker via bright light: A further analysis. J Biol Rhythms. 9:295–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Roenneberg T. (2009). Is light-at-night a health risk factor or a health risk predictor? Chronobiol Int. 26:1069–74.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B. (2001). Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med. 58:747–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettner NM, Mayo SA, Hua J, Lee C, Moore DD, Fu L. (2015). Circadian dysfunction induces leptin resistance in mice. Cell Metab. 22:448–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa SB, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA. (2003). A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol. 549:945–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BS, Jeon HJ, Hong JP, Bae JN, Lee JY, Chang SM, Lee YM, Son J, Cho MJ. (2012). DSM-IV psychiatric comorbidity according to symptoms of insomnia: A nationwide sample of Korean adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 47:2019–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CS, Ko SH, Kwon HS, Kim NH, Kim JH, Lim S, Choi SH, Song KH, Won JC, Kim DJ, Cha BY. (2014a). Prevalence, awareness, and management of obesity in Korea: Data from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (1998-2011). Diabetes Metab J. 38:35–43.
   Google Scholar
• Kim J, Sharma SV, Park SK. (2014b). Association between socioeconomic status and obesity in adults: Evidence from the 2001 to 2009 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. J Prev Med Public Health. 47:94–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim M, Choi J. (2014). Spatiotemporal patterns of outdoor artificial nighttime lights exposure in the Republic of Korea between 1995 and 2010. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci. 42:69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WH, Kim BS, Kim SK, Chang SM, Lee DW, Cho MJ, Bae JN. (2013). Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in a community sample of elderly individuals in South Korea. Int Psychogeriatr. 25:1729–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YJ, Lee E, Lee HS, Kim M, Park MS. (2015). High prevalence of breast cancer in light polluted areas in urban and rural regions of South Korea: An ecologic study on the treatment prevalence of female cancers based on National Health Insurance data. Chronobiol Int. 32:657–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloog I, Portnov BA, Rennert HS, Haim A. (2011). Does the modern urbanized sleeping habitat pose a breast cancer risk? Chronobiol Int. 28:76–80.
   Google Scholar
• Komada Y, Tanaka H, Yamamoto Y, Shirakawa S, Yamazaki K. (2000). Effects of bright light pre-exposure on sleep onset process. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 54:365–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooijman S, van den Berg R, Ramkisoensing A, Boon MR, Kuipers EN, Loef M, Zonneveld TC, Lucassen EA, Sips HC, Chatzispyrou IA, Houtkooper RH, Meijer JH, Coomans CP, Biermasz NR, Rensen PC. (2015). Prolonged daily light exposure increases body fat mass through attenuation of brown adipose tissue activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112:6748–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lack LC, Wright HR. (2007). Treating chronobiological components of chronic insomnia. Sleep Med. 8:637–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde JA, Jeffery RW. (2010). Evolving environmental factors in the obesity epidemic. In Crawford D, Jeffery RW, Ball K, Brug J, eds. Obesity epidemiology from aetiology to public health. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lucassen EA, Zhao X, Rother KI, Mattingly MS, Courville AB, de Jonge L, Csako G, Cizza G. (2013). Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PLoS One. 8:e56519.
   Google Scholar
• Markwald RR, Melanson EL, Smith MR, Higgins J, Perreault L, Eckel RH, Wright KP, Jr. (2013). Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110:5695–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SK, Eastman CI. (2002). Sleep logs of young adults with self-selected sleep times predict the dim light melatonin onset. Chronobiol Int. 19:695–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden E, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. (2014). The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100 000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study. Am J Epidemiol. 180:245–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, Wirz-Justice A. (1991). A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci Lett. 133:36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizon B. (2012). Light pollution: Responses and remedies Wimborne:. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Muller-Riemenschneider F, Reinhold T, Schulzendorff Av, Willich SN. (2010). Health economic burden of obesity – an international perspective. In Crawford D, Jeffery RW, Ball K, Brug J, eds. Obesity epidemiology from aetiology to public health. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–35.
   Google Scholar
• Nag C, Pradhan RK. (2012). Impact of lifestyle on circadian orientation and sleep behaviour. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 10:94–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Geophysical Data Center. (2015). Version 4 DMSP-OLS nighttime lights time series. Available from: http://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.html [date accessed 7 Aug2014].
   Google Scholar
• Navara KJ, Nelson RJ. (2007). The dark side of light at night: Physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. J Pineal Res. 43:215–24.
   Google Scholar
• Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. (2013a). Exposure to light at night and risk of depression in the elderly. J Affect Disord. 151:331–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Okamoto N, Tomioka K, Nezu S, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. (2013b). Exposure to light at night, nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion, and obesity/dyslipidemia in the elderly: A cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98:337–44.
   Google Scholar
• Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Okamoto N, Tomioka K, Nezu S, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. (2014a). Effect of exposure to evening light on sleep initiation in the elderly: A longitudinal analysis for repeated measurements in home settings. Chronobiol Int. 31:461–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obayashi K, Saeki K, Kurumatani N. (2014b). Association between light exposure at night and insomnia in the general elderly population: The HEIJO-KYO cohort. Chronobiol Int. 31:976–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SW, Shin SA, Yun YH, Yoo T, Huh BY. (2004). Cut-off point of BMI and obesity-related comorbidities and mortality in middle-aged Koreans. Obes Res. 12:2031–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park JH, Yoon SJ, Lee H, Jo HS, Lee SI, Kim Y, Kim YI, Shin Y. (2006). Burden of disease attributable to obesity and overweight in Korea. Int J Obes. 30:1661–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SR, Hu FB. (2008). Short sleep duration and weight gain: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 16:643–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Svanborg E. (1996). Sleep deprivation worsens obstructive sleep apnea. Comparison between diurnal and nocturnal polysomnography. Chest. 109:645–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid KJ, Santostasi G, Baron KG, Wilson J, Kang J, Zee PC. (2014). Timing and intensity of light correlate with body weight in adults. PLoS One. 9:e92251.
   Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Liu X, Manchester LC, Rosales-Corral SA, Tan D-X, Pérez JAM. (2012). Processes underlying chronodisruption and their proposed association with illness. In Garaulet M, Ordovás JM, eds. Chronobiology and obesity. New York: Springer, pp. 55–73.
   Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, Allebrandt K, Gordijn M, Merrow M. (2007a). Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev. 11:429–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, Merrow M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 14:R1038–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kumar CJ, Merrow M. (2007b). The human circadian clock entrains to sun time. Curr Biol. 17:R44–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. (2003). Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 18:80–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruger M, St Hilaire MA, Brainard GC, Khalsa SB, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. (2013). Human phase response curve to a single 6.5 h pulse of short-wavelength light. J Physiol. 591:353–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheer FA, Hu K, Evoniuk H, Kelly EE, Malhotra A, Hilton MF, Shea SA. (2010). Impact of the human circadian system, exercise, and their interaction on cardiovascular function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107:20541–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidell JC. (2010). Prevalence and trends in adult obesity in affluent countries. In Crawford D, Jeffery RW, Ball K, Brug J, eds. Obesity epidemiology from aetiology to public health. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–35.
   Google Scholar
• Shin C, Abbott RD, Lee H, Kim J, Kim K. (2004a). Prevalence and correlates of orthostatic hypotension in middle-aged men and women in Korea: The Korean Health and Genome Study. J Hum Hypertens. 18:717–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin C, Lee S, Abbott RD, Kim JH, Lee SY, In KH, Kimm K. (2004b). Respiratory symptoms and undiagnosed airflow obstruction in middle-aged adults: The Korean Health and Genome Study. Chest. 126:1234–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Hilaire MA, Gooley JJ, Khalsa SB, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. (2012). Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light. J Physiol. 590:3035–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens MA. (1972). Multisample tests for the von mises distribution. J Am Stat Assoc. 67:456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoohs RA, Dement WC. (1993). Snoring and sleep-related breathing abnormality during partial sleep deprivation. N Engl J Med. 328:1279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terman JS, Terman M, Lo ES, Cooper TB. (2001). Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter E, Sturis J, Byrne MM, Blackman JD, Leproult R, Ofek G, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, Refetoff S, Turek FW, Van Reeth O. (1994). Demonstration of rapid light-induced advances and delays of the human circadian clock using hormonal phase markers. Am J Physiol. 266:E953–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer C, Michel U, Randler C. (2012). Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents. Chronobiol Int. 29:502–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Brown M. (2011). Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet. 378:815–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson GS, Williams EJ. (1956). On the construction of significance tests on the circle and the sphere. Biome. 43:344.
   Google Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. (2006). Social jetlag: isalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright KP, Jr., Hughes RJ, Kronauer RE, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. (2001). Intrinsic near-24-h pacemaker period determines limits of circadian entrainment to a weak synchronizer in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98:14027–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright KP, Jr., McHill AW, Birks BR, Griffin BR, Rusterholz T, Chinoy ED. (2013). Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle. Curr Biol. 23:1554–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi M, Jacono FJ, Fujita Y, Kumamoto M, Yoshikawa M, Campanaro CK, Loparo KA, Strohl KP, Kimura H. (2014). Effects of environment light during sleep on autonomic functions of heart rate and breathing. Sleep Breath. 18:829–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Colditz GA. (2015). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States 2007-2012. JAMA Int Med. 175:1412–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Kameya T, Kawai Y, Miyagawa M, Tsujisaki M, Saito M. (2011). Age-related decrease in cold-activated brown adipose tissue and accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 19:1755–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitzer JM, Dijk DJ, Kronauer R, Brown E, Czeisler C. (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: Melatonin phase resetting and suppression. J Physiol. 526 Pt 3:695–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao ZY, Xie Y, Fu YR, Bogdan A, Touitou Y. (2002). Aging and the circadian rhythm of melatonin: A cross-sectional study of Chinese subjects 30-110 yr of age. Chronobiol Int. 19:1171–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou JN, Liu RY, van Heerikhuize J, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. (2003). Alterations in the circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin begin during middle-age. J Pineal Res. 34:11–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar